【摘要】：景觀遺傳學是綜合了種群遺傳學、景觀生態(tài)學、空間統(tǒng)計學的一個新的研究領(lǐng)域,其在生態(tài)保護方面的潛力被逐漸展現(xiàn)。景觀遺傳學的核心是把遺傳變異的空間格局與高度隨機的時空過程聯(lián)系起來,所得到的結(jié)果既具有歷史性也具有現(xiàn)實性,這個領(lǐng)域可以運用計算機模擬的方法,把個體和環(huán)境的隨機性相整合。景觀遺傳模擬技術(shù)是一項將景觀遺傳學與計算機模擬相結(jié)合的新興且實用的研究技術(shù),其關(guān)鍵作用是可以通過計算機模擬把個體進程與景觀特征結(jié)合起來,并展現(xiàn)其對個體占有率,種群規(guī)模,基因流的影響,確定出空間遺傳結(jié)構(gòu),從而理解景觀特征和基因流之間的因果關(guān)系。景觀遺傳學中景觀因素在景觀遺傳模擬中的影響因素可以分為兩類,分別是景觀類型因素與景觀尺度因素。景觀類型因素包括:生境的面積與非生境面積的比值;非生境的阻力值;景觀的破碎化程度等。景觀尺度因素包括:景觀地圖范圍的尺度大小;景觀地圖像素尺度的選定等。在景觀遺傳模擬實驗中種群方面的變量主要包括:種群容量的選定范圍;亞種群的個數(shù)選擇;亞種群間各亞種群容量的比值等。這些因素構(gòu)成了景觀遺傳模擬實驗中變量選定的整個體系。本文通過仿真建模探索各類景觀遺傳因素的改變對景觀遺傳模擬的影響趨勢。通過梯度式的變量測試,發(fā)現(xiàn)非生境與生境的面積比值當超過一定閾值后,降低種群遺傳多樣性的趨勢增加。阻力值的設定同樣顯示了尺度效應,其超過一定閾值后,產(chǎn)生降低種群遺傳多樣性的趨勢。而景觀破碎化程度對遺傳多樣性的影響沒有明顯趨勢。景觀尺度的梯度測試表明,尺度范圍的選定,會影響模擬的結(jié)果。種群變量方面,梯度測試的結(jié)果顯示種群容量之外的變量對種群遺傳多樣性的影響無明顯趨勢。本實驗為景觀遺傳模擬通過運用景觀指數(shù)來預測遺傳分化的方面提供有效參照,說明景觀指數(shù)的正確選擇可保證預測結(jié)果的有效性。
[Abstract]:Landscape genetics is a new research field which integrates population genetics, landscape ecology and spatial statistics. The core of landscape genetics is to link the spatial pattern of genetic variation with highly random space-time processes. The results obtained are both historical and realistic. This field can be simulated by computer. Integrate the randomness of the individual and the environment. Landscape genetic simulation is a new and practical research technology that combines landscape genetics with computer simulation. Its key role is to combine individual processes with landscape characteristics through computer simulation. The spatial genetic structure was determined to understand the causal relationship between landscape characteristics and gene flow by showing its influence on individual occupancy, population size and gene flow. Landscape factors in landscape genetics can be divided into two categories: landscape type factors and landscape scale factors. The factors of landscape type include: the ratio of habitat area to non-habitat area; the resistance value of non-habitat; the degree of landscape fragmentation and so on. The factors of landscape scale include the scale of landscape map range, the pixel scale of landscape map and so on. In the landscape genetic simulation experiment, the population variables mainly include: the selection range of population capacity, the selection of the number of subpopulations, the ratio of each subpopulation capacity between subpopulations, and so on. These factors constitute the whole system of variable selection in the landscape genetic simulation experiment. In this paper, the influence trend of landscape genetic factors on landscape genetic simulation is explored by simulation modeling. Through the gradient variable test, it was found that when the area ratio of non-habitat to habitat exceeded a certain threshold, the trend of decreasing population genetic diversity increased. The setting of resistance value also shows the scale effect. When the resistance value exceeds a certain threshold, the population genetic diversity will be reduced. However, the effect of landscape fragmentation on genetic diversity had no obvious trend. The gradient test of landscape scale shows that the selection of scale range will affect the simulation results. In terms of population variables, the results of gradient test showed that there was no significant trend in the effect of variables other than population capacity on population genetic diversity. This experiment provides an effective reference for landscape genetic simulation through the use of landscape index to predict genetic differentiation. It shows that the correct selection of landscape index can ensure the effectiveness of the prediction results.
【學位授予單位】：遼寧大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P901;Q346

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本文編號：2127095