本文選題：北方城市河流 + 水體污染修復　； 參考：《東北師范大學》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：目前,我國主要水系的水質(zhì)多為輕度污染,部分城市河段污染較重,而《水污染防治行動計劃》要求到2020年,七大重點流域水質(zhì)優(yōu)良(達到或優(yōu)于Ⅲ類)比例總體要達到70%以上,地級及以上城市建成區(qū)黑臭水體均控制在10%以內(nèi),要想實現(xiàn)此目標,除需對污染源進行強化控制減少排放之外,對污染河流水體開展生態(tài)修復也是實現(xiàn)治污控污目標的有效手段之一。本研究以第二松花江二級支流伊通河的重污染河段—長春市區(qū)河段為研究區(qū),在國家水體污染控制與治理重大專項子課題“重污染支流伊通河生態(tài)修復技術與工程示范”項目的資助下,以“近自然、多功能、高效益、可持續(xù)”為生態(tài)修復理念,以“增活力、提能力、減污染、降風險”即“增強系統(tǒng)活力、提高自凈能力、減輕污染負荷、降低風險危害”為階段目標,以生態(tài)學和工程學的相關理論為基礎,以生物-生態(tài)修復技術的集成為手段,通過工程設計、施工與效果監(jiān)測,初步構建了適合北方氣候條件的水體污染生態(tài)修復的工程技術體系,評估了生態(tài)修復工程實施后的效益。構建的水體生態(tài)修復技術體系包括三部分內(nèi)容:一是針對城區(qū)上游農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染防治和河岸土壤侵蝕治理的鄉(xiāng)村段生態(tài)修復治理技術;二是針對城區(qū)迅速發(fā)展的生活社區(qū)點源的梯級生物治理技術;三是針對城區(qū)河段水流緩慢、自凈能力差、污染嚴重、親水性低的景觀水體的河岸生物-生態(tài)工程治理技術,以上三部分的結合,構成了伊通河城市段水體污染生態(tài)修復示范工程。該項研究可為北方中小河流的生態(tài)修復工作提供必要理論基礎和技術支撐。具體內(nèi)容和結果可歸納為以下四個方面:(1)在城區(qū)段上游實施的鄉(xiāng)村河段面源污染防治和河岸侵蝕治理的生態(tài)修復工程(2009-2012年)包括河岸植被緩沖帶構建、多功能魚塘修建和河道微地形改造3部分工程。其中,河岸植被緩沖帶系統(tǒng),面積為2.30 hm2,主要功能為過濾、截留兩岸農(nóng)田面源污染物、維持河岸穩(wěn)定、防止河岸侵蝕;多功能生態(tài)魚塘系統(tǒng),面積約1.2hm2,主要用于協(xié)調(diào)資源利用、緩解水環(huán)境保護與經(jīng)濟發(fā)展間的矛盾;微地形調(diào)整系統(tǒng)的面積為0.7 hm2,主要功能是凈化上游來水,為魚類等水生生物提供多樣的生境。通過對工程實施前后研究區(qū)入口和出口處的監(jiān)測與評價結果表明,該生態(tài)修復工程可顯著提高河流水體中NH3-N、COD和BOD5的去除率,其去除率分別由工程實施前(2009年)的-14.29%、1.81%和-0.5%,提高到實施后(2011年)的66.29%、10.81%和7.25%;浮游生物中代表清潔物種的生物種數(shù)由恢復前的1種增加到8種;與工程實施前相比,工程實施兩年后的河岸植被群落結構完整,植被帶寬度和物種種數(shù)增加,草本植物帶的平均寬度增加36.33 m、物種種數(shù)增加1-6種;其中灌木帶的平均寬度增加9.12m、物種種數(shù)增加4種,喬木帶的平均寬度增加16.52m、物種種數(shù)增加1-2種;多功能生態(tài)魚塘的構建,非但沒有增加河流污染負荷,反而有所降低,其中對cod的去除率達9.36%,bod5削減約43%,池塘中的do保持在8mg/l以上(有必要的人工增氧措施);同時經(jīng)營者的經(jīng)濟收入由原來每年的4萬元左右增加到18萬元左右,改善了魚塘的景觀。實施的結果表明,該生態(tài)工程技術系統(tǒng)能顯著減少城市上游河流面源污染負荷,改善城市河流水質(zhì),生物多樣性和經(jīng)濟效益有所提高。這種修復方式是適用于北方中小型河流鄉(xiāng)村段生態(tài)系統(tǒng)完整性和實現(xiàn)社會經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一種有效的技術手段。(2)針對城區(qū)河段居民小區(qū)點源未能及時有效處理而直接排入伊通河內(nèi)的現(xiàn)狀,研發(fā)了“4段梯級式”生態(tài)治理技術以降低河流污染負荷。該工程于2011年完成,占地面積約1.2hm2,日處理污水量360-650m3(平均值為465m3),主要包括沉淀截留(面積24m2)、人工濕地(面積1000m2)、生物填料段(面積11233m2)和植物修復段(面積30m2)四部分,工程運行后對生活污水中的nh3-n、tn、tp、cod、bod5的去除率分別達到23.77%、19.17%、30.18%、30.96%、26.38%。各段對污染物去除的貢獻率不同。其中,人工濕地段對去除tp、bod5貢獻的相對較高,分別為34.71%、35.06%;生物填料段對nh3-n、tn去除貢獻相對較高,分別是45.87%、37.81%;而植物修復段對cod的去除、do的恢復貢獻相對較高,cod的去除率為44.32%,do升高53.86%。經(jīng)濟效益分析表明,該工程在一次性投入和運行成本上都低于同等規(guī)模污水處理廠的投資。(3)針對城區(qū)河段主河道水流緩慢、自凈能力喪失,河岸硬質(zhì)化、親水性低等問題,構建了水面面積為4.3hm2的河岸輔助凈化系統(tǒng),該凈化系統(tǒng)利用河岸原有泡塘,采取微地形改造、多孔性玄武巖基質(zhì)鋪墊、植物格柵與生態(tài)島、生態(tài)跌水、硬質(zhì)化護岸改造、生物修復、近自然溪流的重建等技術集成凈化河流水質(zhì)。工程運行后日均處理水量9000m3左右,占河流日均流量的3%,枯水季節(jié)可達20%,對水中bod5、ss、nh3-n、tn、tp的去除率均超過20%。同時,該工程注重景觀多樣化和親水性的設計受到市民好評。(4)針對城市河流上游的面源污染,構建了包括截留農(nóng)業(yè)面源的河岸植被帶系統(tǒng)、改善水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖水體污染的多功能魚塘系統(tǒng)、減少河流上游來水污染的微地形調(diào)整系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的保護水環(huán)境質(zhì)量的耦合技術體系;針對社區(qū)點源污染,構建了包括沉淀、濕地、生物修復技術在內(nèi)梯級生態(tài)治理技術體系;針對主河道景觀水體污染,構建了包括沉淀、過濾、生物修復、硬質(zhì)化護岸修復、溪流再造技術在內(nèi)的岸上輔助凈化技術體系;這些技術的應用與實施形成了可適用于北方城市河流水體污染生態(tài)修復的技術體系,削減了cod、氨氮和總氮的入河量,其削減量分別為330.88×10-3t/d、17.49×10-3t/d、30.54×10-3t/d,這對河流系統(tǒng)自凈能力的提高,系統(tǒng)完整性的修復起到了積極作用,但有些技術未來在河流水體生態(tài)修復工程運用過程中還需是河流自身特點而不斷完善,包括工程的規(guī)模、運行維護和后期管理等影響技術效果發(fā)揮的環(huán)節(jié)。
[Abstract]:At present, the water quality of the main water system in our country is mostly mild pollution, and the pollution of some urban rivers is heavy, while the water pollution prevention action plan is required by 2020, the proportion of the water quality of the seven major catchment areas is more than 70%, and the black and stinky water bodies in the urban and above cities are controlled within 10%. In addition to strengthening control and reducing the emission of pollution sources, it is one of the effective means to carry out ecological restoration for polluted river water bodies. This study takes the heavy polluted river section of the Yitong River of the second Songhua River two tributary and the river section of the Changchun city as the research area, and is a major special project for the control and control of water pollution in the state. Under the support of the project entitled "ecological restoration technology and engineering demonstration of the heavy pollution tributary of Yitong River", the concept of "near nature, multi-function, high benefit and sustainable" is the concept of ecological restoration, with "increasing vitality, raising capacity, reducing pollution and reducing risk", that is "enhancing system vitality, raising self purification capacity, reducing pollution load and reducing risk hazard" On the basis of the related theory of ecology and engineering and the integration of biologic and ecological restoration technology as a means, the engineering technology system of water pollution ecological restoration suitable for the northern climate conditions is preliminarily constructed, and the benefits after the implementation of the ecological restoration project are evaluated. The state restoration technology system consists of three parts: one is the rural ecological restoration and treatment technology for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution and the erosion of riverside soil erosion in the upper reaches of the urban area; the two is a cascade biological control technology for the rapid development of the living community point source in the urban area, and the three is the slow flow of water, poor self purification capacity and serious pollution in the urban area. The combination of the three parts of the river bank biological ecological engineering technology of low hydrophilic landscape water body constitutes a demonstration project of ecological restoration of water pollution in the urban section of the Yitong River. This study can provide the necessary theoretical basis and technical support for the ecological restoration work of the northern and small rivers. The specific content and results can be summarized as follows: Four The following aspects: (1) the ecological restoration project of the prevention and control of the non-point source pollution and the treatment of riverbank erosion in the upper reaches of the urban section (2009-2012 years) includes the construction of the riparian vegetation buffer zone, the construction of the multi-functional fishponds and the transformation of the river micro topography. Among them, the riparian vegetation slow flushing system is 2.30 Hm2, the main function is filtration. To keep the land source pollutants on both sides of the Taiwan Straits to maintain the stability of the riverbank and prevent riverbank erosion, the multi-functional ecological fish pond system, with an area of about 1.2hm2, is mainly used to coordinate the utilization of resources and alleviate the contradiction between water environmental protection and economic development; the area of the micro topography adjustment system is 0.7 Hm2, the main function is to purify the upstream water and provide fish and other aquatic organisms. The results of monitoring and evaluation at the entrance and exit of the research area before and after the implementation of the project show that the ecological restoration project can significantly increase the removal rate of NH3-N, COD and BOD5 in river water, and the removal rates are increased to 66.29%, 10.81% and 7. after implementation (2009), respectively, after implementation (2011). 25%, the number of biological species representing the clean species increased from 1 to 8 species before the restoration. Compared with the project before the project, the riparian vegetation community structure was complete, the width and species number of vegetation were increased, the average width of herbaceous plants increased by 36.33 m, and the species number increased by 1-6 species, among which the average width of the shrub belt was wide. The number of species increased by 4 species, the average width of species increased by 4 species, the average width of the arbor belt increased by 16.52m, and the species number increased by 1-2. The construction of multi-functional ecological fish ponds, instead of increasing the river pollution load, decreased, among which the removal rate of COD was 9.36%, BOD5 was reduced by about 43%, and do in the pond remained above 8mg/l (necessary artificial aeration measures). At the same time, the economic income of the operators increased from about 40 thousand yuan per year to about 180 thousand yuan, which improved the landscape of the fish pond. The implementation results show that the ecological engineering technology system can significantly reduce the pollution load in the river upstream of the city, improve the water quality of the urban rivers, and improve the biodiversity and economic benefits. The formula is an effective technical means for the ecosystem integrity and the sustainable social and economic development of the small and medium small rivers in the north. (2) the "4 stage cascade" ecological treatment technology is developed to reduce the pollution of the river in Hanoi. Dyed load. The project was completed in 2011, covering an area of about 1.2hm2 and daily treated sewage 360-650m3 (average value of 465m3), including precipitation interception (area 24m2), artificial wetland (area 1000m2), biological filler segment (area 11233m2) and four parts of plant repair section (area 30m2), and NH3-N, TN, TP, COD, BOD5. The removal rates of 23.77%, 19.17%, 30.18%, 30.96%, and 26.38%. respectively have different contributions to the removal of pollutants. Among them, the contribution of the constructed wetland segments to the removal of TP and BOD5 is relatively high, 34.71%, 35.06%, and the contribution of the biofilm section to NH3-N and TN is relatively high, 45.87%, 37.81%, and the removal of the phytoremediation segment to the do and the restorer of the do. The complex contribution is relatively high, the removal rate of COD is 44.32%, and the economic benefit of increasing 53.86%. by do shows that the project is lower than the investment of the same scale sewage treatment plant in the one-time investment and operating cost. (3) the water surface area is constructed for the slow flow of water flow, the loss of self purification capacity, the hardiness of the riverbank and low hydrophilicity in the main channel of the urban river section. For the riverbank auxiliary purification system of 4.3hm2, the purification system uses the original river bank to make use of the original bubble and pond in the riverbank, adopt the micro topography transformation, the porous basalt matrix paving, the plant grille and the ecological island, the ecological water fall, the hard revetment transformation, the bioremediation, the reconstruction of the near natural stream and so on. The water quality of the river is treated by the day after the operation of 9000m. Around 3, accounting for 3% of daily average flow of river and 20% in dry season. The removal rates of BOD5, SS, NH3-N, TN and TP in water are all higher than 20%.. The design of landscape diversification and hydrophilicity is well received by the public. (4) the system of riverbank vegetation belt, including the interception of agricultural non-point sources, is constructed for the pollution of the upstream of the urban river. The multi function fish pond system produced by aquaculture water pollution, which reduces the water environmental quality of the water pollution in the river upstream, protects the water environment quality. In view of the community point source pollution, a cascade ecological management system, including precipitation, wetland and bioremediation technology, is constructed, and the pollution of the main river landscape water body is constructed. A technical system of shore assisted purification technology, including precipitation, filtration, bioremediation, hard revetment and stream reengineering, has been built. The application and implementation of these technologies have formed a technical system that can be applied to the ecological restoration of river water pollution in northern cities, reducing the amount of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen into the river, and its reduction is 330.88 * 1, respectively. 0-3t/d, 17.49 * 10-3t/d, 30.54 x 10-3t/d, which has played an active role in improving the self purification capacity of the river system and the restoration of the integrity of the system. However, some technologies need to be perfected continuously in the process of the application of river water ecological restoration engineering, including the scale of the project, the operation and maintenance and the later management. The link of the effect.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X522;X824

【引證文獻】

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 陳成;北京市中心區(qū)水域水質(zhì)改善工程環(huán)境影響評價分析[D];中國地質(zhì)大學(北京);2016年

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本文編號：2072658