發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-03 06:11

  本文選題：全球森林治理 + 森林市場(chǎng)機(jī)制�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著國際環(huán)境問題與發(fā)展問題交替升溫,森林已成為應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化、保護(hù)生物多樣性、涵養(yǎng)水源、減輕貧困等環(huán)境與發(fā)展問題的交匯點(diǎn)與重要解決途徑。但是,因國際森林問題的復(fù)雜性,國際森林談判遲滯、長(zhǎng)期無果,一直未達(dá)成具有法律約束力的國際森林公約。在這種情況下,將森林問題納入《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》、《聯(lián)合國防治荒漠化公約》、《聯(lián)合國生物多樣性公約》及《濕地公約》等國際法框架下,使原本就很復(fù)雜的國際森林問題變得更加復(fù)雜和碎片化。而且,對(duì)森林的各種需求之間的沖突,使森林承受著巨大的壓力,管理部門的協(xié)調(diào)難度加大。林業(yè)規(guī)制中至關(guān)重要的法律機(jī)制的缺乏,森林規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)的龐雜重復(fù),都加劇了這種沖突與難度,迫切需要進(jìn)行與時(shí)代要求相適應(yīng)的全球森林治理改革。本文以全球治理理論、現(xiàn)代林業(yè)理論和可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論為指導(dǎo),綜合運(yùn)用多種方法,從全球森林治理的機(jī)制、機(jī)構(gòu)、理念、前景等幾個(gè)維度,以五章的結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)問題進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的梳理和深入的剖析。第一章為全球森林治理的理論。目前,全球森林的可持續(xù)管理還未形成具有法律約束力的全球性規(guī)范,有關(guān)森林問題的國際談判富有政治色彩,各國在森林生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)價(jià)值方面的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),已成為各方達(dá)成森林使用和管理國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議的障礙,全球森林保護(hù)問題單純用國際法進(jìn)行規(guī)制不成體系,收效甚微�，F(xiàn)有的與森林治理有關(guān)的國際法律規(guī)范很少是軟法或者準(zhǔn)法律規(guī)范(如森林認(rèn)證),不具有法律約束力。在森林問題上,無論是發(fā)達(dá)國家還是發(fā)展中國家均面臨法治困境,需要促進(jìn)利益相關(guān)者充分參與森林規(guī)制實(shí)踐,進(jìn)行治理改革。國際社會(huì)將全球治理理論引入到全球森林保護(hù)中來,進(jìn)行全球森林治理,為解決全球森林治理問題開辟了新的路徑。其對(duì)國際森林談判的重啟,全球森林戰(zhàn)略的制定,以及當(dāng)前對(duì)森林活動(dòng)的規(guī)制與監(jiān)管,都起著舉足輕重的主導(dǎo)作用。減少全球毀林和森林退化應(yīng)是全球森林治理的當(dāng)務(wù)之急,這已達(dá)成全球共識(shí)。環(huán)境正義運(yùn)動(dòng)呼吁公平利用資源、程序公正和安全健康的環(huán)境,我們應(yīng)將環(huán)境正義融入到全球森林治理中,作為全球森林規(guī)制和管理的基本原則。第二章為全球森林治理的機(jī)制。目前已有的全球森林治理的基本機(jī)制在解決國際森林問題、推動(dòng)建立全球森林治理體系、實(shí)現(xiàn)所有類型森林的保護(hù)和可持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。本文選取了森林市場(chǎng)機(jī)制、森林認(rèn)證機(jī)制和國際氣候變化制度下的森林機(jī)制等三個(gè)機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究。森林市場(chǎng)機(jī)制要擴(kuò)大適用,首先要有對(duì)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的需求,并創(chuàng)建市場(chǎng)。其次要解決土地使用權(quán)、可持續(xù)、泄漏和重復(fù)計(jì)算等問題。還應(yīng)該明確森林市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的環(huán)境目標(biāo),澄清該機(jī)制保護(hù)的森林價(jià)值,設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單明了的程序,從而提供激勵(lì)措施,促進(jìn)可持續(xù)森林管理的實(shí)施。森林的善治需要透明度、問責(zé)制和利益相關(guān)方的參與等。森林認(rèn)證機(jī)制在國際森林政策中是一種很有前途的機(jī)制,森林認(rèn)證機(jī)制承認(rèn)并促進(jìn)所有的森林價(jià)值,森林認(rèn)證有能力改變森林產(chǎn)品的使用、管理及消費(fèi)模式。必須增強(qiáng)對(duì)森林認(rèn)證的激勵(lì),使木材生產(chǎn)商國家看到參與森林認(rèn)證計(jì)劃的價(jià)值,使消費(fèi)者在提高環(huán)保意識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上,做出有利于森林可持續(xù)發(fā)展的綠色購買行為。森林認(rèn)證機(jī)制必須克服多種障礙,增加對(duì)認(rèn)證木材的需求,提供激勵(lì),確保森林認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)在國際森林政策中的地位與發(fā)展。國際氣候變化制度下的森林機(jī)制LULUCF、CDM、REDD等引人注目,與聯(lián)合國森林論壇相比,其能提供更強(qiáng)大的政治支持,有法律拘束力,也能提供融資來實(shí)施森林項(xiàng)目。要進(jìn)行國際氣候變化制度與森林使用和管理相關(guān)的改革,如引入具有約束力的義務(wù),要求成員增加森林覆蓋率等,這有助于改變世界森林狀況。第三章為全球森林治理的機(jī)構(gòu)。本文選取了全球森林治理中兩個(gè)最重要的機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)合國森林論壇和世界銀行來進(jìn)行研究。聯(lián)合國森林論壇組織成員進(jìn)行森林談判,制定了全球森林治理中最全面、最重要的《國際森林文書》,其是未來國際森林法的基礎(chǔ)。論壇亟需進(jìn)行重大改革,吸引運(yùn)營(yíng)資金,成為國際和政府間森林項(xiàng)目的協(xié)調(diào)員,重新贏得成員和利益相關(guān)方的尊重。世界銀行的森林政策一是減少貧困,改善森林居民生活條件,二是擴(kuò)大森林認(rèn)證計(jì)劃的實(shí)施,促進(jìn)可持續(xù)森林管理原則的廣泛運(yùn)用。世界銀行與其他一些國際組織及機(jī)構(gòu)已形成戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系,開始了旨在整合全球森林治理安排的國際進(jìn)程。世界銀行在森林治理領(lǐng)域是領(lǐng)先的。第四章為全球森林治理的理念。當(dāng)前的全球森林治理,適用的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)則或國際森林規(guī)制目標(biāo)紛紛出臺(tái),出現(xiàn)了重復(fù)、重疊、零散、碎片化、甚至混亂等情況,國際森林的私人規(guī)制日益占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織歸納了滲透在所有國際森林政策的共同理念,提出了可持續(xù)森林管理和多元森林管理的概念,建議納入國際森林政策中,以此開辟全球森林治理的新路徑。這兩個(gè)理念已經(jīng)獲得了相當(dāng)?shù)恼J(rèn)可,并在一定程度上為國際社會(huì)所遵循�？沙掷m(xù)森林管理承認(rèn)且試圖平衡森林的生態(tài)環(huán)境、社會(huì)文化、貿(mào)易和發(fā)展等不同的、有內(nèi)在沖突的價(jià)值,以確保森林的所有價(jià)值得以實(shí)現(xiàn),森林經(jīng)濟(jì)與服務(wù)能夠平衡、可持續(xù)、永續(xù)發(fā)展。實(shí)施可持續(xù)森林管理的困難,在于要求不統(tǒng)一,沒有執(zhí)行機(jī)制,人們感到這個(gè)理念有些抽象。然而,盡管這個(gè)概念不夠清晰,也不夠確切,與“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”這樣的國際話語有差距,但它至少達(dá)成了一定的共識(shí),全球森林管理的總體目標(biāo)應(yīng)該是實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)的森林管理。多元森林管理為一個(gè)以上的目的管理土地或森林,如生產(chǎn)的木材或木材衍生產(chǎn)品,飼養(yǎng)和保護(hù)國內(nèi)野生動(dòng)物,景觀維護(hù),保護(hù)家畜,適當(dāng)?shù)沫h(huán)境條件,娛樂及保護(hù)水源等。這意味著森林用途的多樣化,并替代以往單一關(guān)注木材生產(chǎn)的熱帶森林管理方式。多元森林管理受到很多限制,產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)有限,非木制林產(chǎn)品因?yàn)橐?guī)模不夠阻礙了其商業(yè)化。由于市場(chǎng)不好,通常主要是通過中間人,以非常低的價(jià)格非法出售,而不是進(jìn)入正規(guī)市場(chǎng)。這不僅大大減少了林業(yè)從業(yè)者的利潤(rùn),也降低了多元森林管理的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。第五章為全球森林治理的前景。近年來全球森林治理中出現(xiàn)了新現(xiàn)象、新問題、新趨勢(shì),主要有非法木材貿(mào)易形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻,急需國際社會(huì)采取措施遏制,否則危害極大;國際氣候變化制度對(duì)國際森林政策的影響越來越大;非國家治理在全球森林治理中越來越重要。全球森林治理體系面臨挑戰(zhàn),亟需構(gòu)建,如建立全球森林治理機(jī)構(gòu)、制定可持續(xù)森林管理的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、將環(huán)境正義原則納入全球森林治理中。展望全球森林治理的形勢(shì)與前景,應(yīng)該明確全球森林治理的目標(biāo)與挑戰(zhàn),重啟全球森林談判,補(bǔ)充和完善現(xiàn)有的國際森林文件,推行全球森林治理的善治,采取切實(shí)可行的全球森林治理改革舉措。
[Abstract]:As the international environmental problems and development problems are warming up alternately, forest has become an intersection and an important solution to climate change, conservation of biodiversity, water conservation, poverty alleviation, and other environmental and development issues. However, because of the complexity of international forest problems, the international forest negotiations have been sluggish and have no fruit for a long time, and there has been no law. In this case, under the framework of international law, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, the United Nations Convention to combat desertification, the United Nations Convention on the prevention of desertification, the United Nations Convention on biological diversity and the wetland convention, the international forest issues have become more complex and fragmented under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, the United Nations Convention on biological diversity and the wetland convention. The conflict between the various demands of the forest makes the forest bear great pressure, the difficulty of the coordination of the management department is increasing. The lack of the legal mechanism in the forestry regulation and the complex and duplication of the forest regulation institutions have aggravated the conflict and difficulty, and it is urgent to carry out the reform of the global forest governance adapted to the requirements of the times. With the guidance of global governance theory, modern forestry theory and sustainable development theory, the problems are systematically combed and deeply analyzed in five chapters from several dimensions, such as the mechanisms, institutions, ideas and prospects of global forest governance. The first chapter is the theory of global forest governance. Sustainable management has not yet formed a legally binding global norm. International negotiations on forest issues are political, and competition among countries in forest ecology, economic and social values has become an obstacle to the agreement of international standards for the use and management of forests. The global forest protection issues are governed solely by international law. The existing international legal norms related to forest governance are rarely soft law or quasi legal norms (such as forest certification), which are not legally binding. In the forest problem, both developed and developing countries are faced with the rule of law in both developed and developing countries. It is necessary to promote the full participation of stakeholders in the practice of forest regulation. The international community has introduced global governance theory into global forest protection and global forest governance, opening up a new path to solve global forest governance problems. It plays an important role in the resumption of international forest negotiations, the formulation of global forest strategies, and the current regulation and regulation of forest activities. Leading role. Reducing global deforestation and forest degradation should be the priority of global forest governance, which has reached a global consensus. The environmental justice campaign calls for the fair use of resources, procedural justice and a safe and healthy environment, and we should integrate environmental justice into global forest governance as the basic principle of global forest regulation and management. The two chapter is the mechanism of global forest governance. The existing basic mechanisms of global forest governance have played an important role in solving international forest problems, promoting the establishment of a global forest governance system, and realizing the protection and sustainable management of all types of forests. Three mechanisms, such as the forest mechanism under the change system, should be studied. The forest market mechanism should be expanded to apply, first of all, the demand for the forest ecosystem services and the creation of the market. Secondly, the problems of land use rights, sustainability, leakage and repeated calculation should be solved. The environmental objectives of the forest market mechanism should be clarified to clarify the protection of the mechanism. The value of forest and the design of simple and clear procedures provide incentives to promote the implementation of sustainable forest management. The good governance of forests requires transparency, accountability and stakeholder participation. The forest certification mechanism is a promising mechanism in the international forest policy, and the forest certification mechanism recognizes and promotes all forests. Value, forest certification has the ability to change the use, management and consumption patterns of forest products. The incentives for forest certification must be enhanced to enable the wood producers to see the value of their participation in the forest certification scheme, and to make the consumers make green purchases in favor of the sustainable development of the forest based on the awareness of environmental protection. The system must overcome a variety of barriers, increase the demand for certified timber, provide incentives to ensure the status and development of forest certification bodies in international forest policies. The forest mechanism under the international climate change system, LULUCF, CDM, REDD, and so on, can provide more powerful political support and legal constraints compared with the United Nations Forum on forests. The third chapter is the global forest governance mechanism. This article selects the global forest governance. This article selects the global forest governance. This article selects the global forest governance. The two most important institutions, the United Nations Forum on forests and the world bank, have conducted research. The United Nations Forum on forest forums has conducted forest negotiations and developed the most comprehensive and important international forest instrument in global forest governance. It is the basis for future international forest law. The forum is in urgent need of major reforms to attract operating funds and become countries. The coordinator of intergovernmental and intergovernmental forest projects will regain respect for members and stakeholders. The world bank's forest policy is to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of forest residents. Two is to expand the implementation of the forest certification scheme and promote the wide use of the principles of sustainable forest management. The world bank and some other international organizations and machines A strategic partnership has been formed to start an international process to integrate global forest governance arrangements. The world bank is leading in the field of forest governance. The fourth chapter is the concept of global forest governance. The current global forest governance, applicable international standards, rules, or international forest regulation objectives have been introduced, repeated, and repeated. In the case of overlapping, fragmentary, fragmented, and even confusing, the private regulation of international forests has become increasingly dominant. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has summed up the common concept of permeating all international forest policies, proposed the concept of sustainable forest management and multi forest management, and proposed the integration of international forest policy in order to open up global forest governance. A new path. These two ideas have been fairly recognized and to a certain extent to be followed by the international community. Sustainable forest management recognizes and tries to balance the ecological environment, social culture, trade and development of the forest, with inherent conflicts of value to ensure that all the values of forests are realized, forest economy and service. It can be balanced, sustainable and sustainable. The difficulty of implementing sustainable forest management lies in the lack of unity and no implementation mechanism. People feel the idea is somewhat abstract. However, although the concept is not clear enough and is not precise enough, it has a gap with the international discourse such as "sustainable development", but it has reached a certain consensus at least. The overall goal of global forest management should be to achieve sustainable forest management. The management of land or forests for more than one purpose, such as production of wood or wood derived products, breeding and protection of domestic wildlife, landscape maintenance, protection of livestock, appropriate environmental conditions, entertainment and protection of water sources. The diversification of forest use is a substitute for the past single tropical forest management that focuses on wood production. Multiple forest management is limited, product market is limited and non wooden forest products are not commercialized because of the lack of scale. In the formal market, this not only greatly reduces the profits of forestry practitioners, but also reduces the competitiveness of multi forest management. The fifth chapter is the prospect of global forest management. In recent years, new phenomena, new problems and new trends have emerged in the global forest management, which mainly have the stern form of illegal timber trade, and the urgent need for the international community to take measures to contain it. The impact of the international climate change system on international forest policy is becoming more and more important; non national governance is becoming more and more important in global forest governance. The global forest governance system faces challenges and needs to be constructed, such as the establishment of global forest governance institutions, the formulation of international standards for sustainable forest management, and the integration of environmental justice principles into the world. In forest governance. Looking forward to the situation and prospects of global forest governance, we should clarify the objectives and challenges of global forest governance, restart global forest negotiations, supplement and improve existing international forest documents, carry out good governance in global forest governance, and adopt a practical and feasible global forest governance reform initiative.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D996.9

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