本文關(guān)鍵詞： 鄉(xiāng)村 景觀 物種多樣性 景觀要素 植物群落　出處：《中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：生物多樣性喪失是一個全球性的生態(tài)問題,已引起了人們廣泛關(guān)注。鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境是植物的重要棲息地,隨著鄉(xiāng)村景觀建設(shè)的進行,鄉(xiāng)村的土地利用、農(nóng)業(yè)活動、居住區(qū)建設(shè)等方面發(fā)生了很大改變,這些改變對原有植物的生存有著潛在的威脅。開展鄉(xiāng)村景觀建設(shè)中生物多樣性變化研究有助于深入了解鄉(xiāng)村景觀建設(shè)對生物多樣性變化的影響機制,提出針對性的生物多樣性保護策略。本文以浙江省安吉縣、余姚市和湖南省長沙市望城區(qū)部分鄉(xiāng)村為例,通過鄉(xiāng)村景觀中道路、公園、河道、人工林地和農(nóng)耕區(qū)五種景觀要素調(diào)查,進行植物多樣性統(tǒng)計;探討鄉(xiāng)村不同景觀類型中植物物種多樣性分布現(xiàn)狀;結(jié)合冗余分析方法研究鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境中12種因子對植物種類多樣性分布產(chǎn)生的影響。同時在安吉縣~E舍村中板栗純林開展景觀改造,研究改造措施對林下物種多樣性的影響。得出以下主要結(jié)論:(1)在鄉(xiāng)村景觀類型中,景觀要素間植物物種多樣性分布特征差異顯著。喬木和灌木植物物種豐富度指數(shù)的大小順序為公園、道路、河道到農(nóng)耕區(qū)依次減小,草本植物物種豐富度的順序為農(nóng)耕區(qū)、公園、河道到道路依次減小。喬木植物的植物物種多樣性指數(shù)Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)值和Simpson指數(shù)值的大小順序為公園河道道路農(nóng)耕區(qū),灌木植物多樣性指數(shù)值表現(xiàn)為公園、道路、河道到農(nóng)耕區(qū)呈現(xiàn)依次降低趨勢,草本植物多樣性順序為農(nóng)耕區(qū)、河道、公園到道路依次減小。(2)五種鄉(xiāng)村景觀要素中都含有不同物種組成,景觀要素間優(yōu)勢喬木和灌木植物組成基本相同,而優(yōu)勢草本植物種類組成差別較大。從喬木植物、灌木植物到草本植物,物種種類組成相似性表現(xiàn)為依次增大。鄉(xiāng)村景觀中喬木和灌木植物物種分布存在顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系,草本植物與喬木和灌木植物物種分布關(guān)系不明顯。(3)生物多樣性水平與景觀要素類型密切相關(guān)。每一種景觀要素類型有不同植物物種組成,因此多種植物種類的生存需要異質(zhì)性景觀要素。(4)通過板栗純林景觀改造,增加了新的植物物種組成,顯著提高了灌木層物種多樣性,而未對草本層物種多樣性構(gòu)成顯著影響,整體林分群落結(jié)構(gòu)更趨向于穩(wěn)定。(5)鄉(xiāng)村景觀要素中物種多樣性受綠化措施和外來入侵植物的影響。人工綠化能增加公園、河道和道路中喬木和灌木物種多樣性,而高覆蓋度的草本綠化會減少公園和河道中草本物種多樣性。常見的外來入侵物種空心蓮子草在鄉(xiāng)村道路中是主要的草本優(yōu)勢物種,但未對鄉(xiāng)土草本植物群落物種多樣性構(gòu)成顯著影響。(6)在鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境中,喬木植物多樣性分布受土地利用類型、相鄰斑塊類型、覆蓋度和森林覆蓋度環(huán)境因子的顯著影響。灌木植物多樣性分布受土地利用方式、相鄰斑塊類型、森林覆蓋度和人口密度環(huán)境因子顯著影響。草本植物多樣性分布受綠化率、森林覆蓋率影響極顯著。鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境因子對物種多樣性分布具有顯著影響。
[Abstract]:Biodiversity loss is a global ecological problem, which has aroused widespread concern. Rural environment is an important habitat for plants. With the development of rural landscape, rural land use and agricultural activities. Great changes have taken place in the construction of residential areas. These changes have a potential threat to the survival of the original plants. The study of biodiversity changes in rural landscape construction is helpful to understand the impact mechanism of rural landscape construction on biodiversity change. This paper takes Anji County, Yuyao City in Zhejiang Province and some villages in Wangcheng District of Changsha City in Hunan Province as examples, through rural landscape roads, parks and rivers. Five landscape elements were investigated in plantation and farming areas, and plant diversity statistics were carried out. To explore the distribution of plant species diversity in different landscape types in rural areas. The effects of 12 factors on the distribution of plant species diversity in rural environment were studied by means of redundancy analysis. Meanwhile, landscape transformation was carried out in pure chestnut forest in Anji County. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) in the rural landscape type. The diversity of plant species was significantly different among landscape elements. The order of species richness index of Arbor and shrub was park, road, river and farming area. The order of species richness of herbaceous plants is farming areas and parks. The order of plant species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener) and Simpson index (Simpson index) of Arbor plants was that of park channel road farming area. The index of shrub plant diversity showed a decreasing trend from park, road, river to farming area, and the order of herbaceous plant diversity was agricultural area and river channel. The five rural landscape elements all contain different species composition, and the dominant tree and shrub plant composition among landscape elements are basically the same. The species composition of dominant herbaceous plants varies greatly, ranging from Arbor plants, shrubs plants to herbaceous plants. The similarity of species composition increased in turn. There was a significant correlation between species distribution of Arbor and shrub plants in rural landscape. The relationship between herbaceous plants and species distribution of Arbor and shrub plants is not obvious. 3) the level of biodiversity is closely related to the type of landscape elements. Each landscape element type has different plant species composition. Therefore, the survival of many plant species needs heterogeneity landscape elements. 4) through the landscape transformation of pure chestnut forest, the new plant species composition is increased, and the species diversity of shrub layer is improved significantly. The species diversity in herbaceous layer was not significantly affected. The community structure of the whole stand tends to be stable. 5) the species diversity in the rural landscape elements is affected by greening measures and alien invasive plants. Artificial greening can increase the park. Species diversity of trees and shrubs in rivers and roads. High coverage of herbaceous greening will reduce the diversity of herbaceous species in parks and rivers. The common invasive alien species of lotus seed in rural roads is the main dominant species of herbaceous. But there was no significant effect on the species diversity of native herbaceous community. In the rural environment, the distribution of Arbor diversity was affected by land use type and adjacent patch type. The distribution of shrub plant diversity was influenced by land use patterns and adjacent patch types. The environmental factors of forest cover and population density were significant. The distribution of herbaceous plant diversity was significantly affected by green rate and forest cover, and the rural environmental factors had a significant effect on the distribution of species diversity.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：Q948

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