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催化裝置煙氣輪機(jī)葉片斷裂原因分析

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2016-11-05 07:46

摘 要

為保證煙氣能量能夠得到最大化回收,在催化裂化莊重進(jìn)行煙氣輪機(jī)的裝置是必不可少的環(huán)節(jié),該裝置通過將機(jī)器產(chǎn)生的煙氣通過熱力和壓力共同作用下轉(zhuǎn)換成可供機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的能量,并且提供機(jī)器風(fēng)扇進(jìn)行發(fā)電。這種回收方式不僅將不需要的煙氣進(jìn)行回收,并且能夠?qū)⑵滢D(zhuǎn)換成可供機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的能量。
煙機(jī)由于其特殊的運(yùn)行環(huán)境,包括周圍環(huán)境溫度、周圍空氣的污染、并且機(jī)器長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的狀態(tài),所以在實(shí)際運(yùn)用過程中出現(xiàn)了明顯不足,導(dǎo)致機(jī)器在處理相關(guān)問題時(shí)無法正常完成。在設(shè)計(jì)煙機(jī)時(shí)由于無法統(tǒng)籌兼顧整個(gè)催化裂化裝置,所以常常出現(xiàn)機(jī)器主扇葉片斷裂等問題,這些問題會(huì)導(dǎo)致煙機(jī)各項(xiàng)功能出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。表現(xiàn)最為嚴(yán)重、危害最大的就是煙機(jī)葉片斷裂,使整個(gè)裝置運(yùn)行停止,裝置停產(chǎn)。因此,對(duì)煙機(jī)葉片斷裂的研究是非常必要和重要的,會(huì)給裝置帶來安全生產(chǎn),將產(chǎn)生極大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。
本文針對(duì)催化裝置煙氣輪機(jī)葉片斷裂問題進(jìn)行著重分析研究,經(jīng)過對(duì)各個(gè)煉油廠煙機(jī)運(yùn)行情況的調(diào)研,主要走訪一些煙機(jī)出現(xiàn)過故障的煉廠。詳細(xì)查閱煙機(jī)發(fā)生事故狀態(tài)前后的運(yùn)行記錄,排查煙機(jī)在發(fā)生事故前后的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),根據(jù)不同煉廠煙機(jī)動(dòng)葉片斷裂原因的分析,找出事故發(fā)生的主要原因。通過對(duì)煙機(jī)葉片材料和材料熱處理工藝分析以及對(duì)撫順石油二廠催化車間煙機(jī)進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查,分析取樣并經(jīng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀察有一個(gè)動(dòng)葉片榫齒的斷裂異常,決定對(duì)其進(jìn)行深入的分析。通過對(duì)葉片葉頂部分和葉片底部的榫齒部分進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的宏觀檢查及力學(xué)性能對(duì)比分析。主要包括了解葉片斷裂經(jīng)過及損壞情況,葉片解剖前的宏觀檢查分析,常規(guī)力學(xué)性能分析。對(duì)葉片進(jìn)行顯微組織對(duì)比分析,主要包括夾雜物和晶粒度分析,斷口形貌分析,強(qiáng)化相析出形態(tài)及晶界狀態(tài)的SEM分析,強(qiáng)化相析出形態(tài)的高分辨場(chǎng)發(fā)射電鏡分析。在進(jìn)行上述步驟時(shí)也需要對(duì)處理后的葉片進(jìn)行取樣,通過進(jìn)行前后硬度等要素的對(duì)比,對(duì)葉片綜合沖級(jí)使用能力進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,并將最終結(jié)果進(jìn)行記錄。為了進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)葉片的組織行為,對(duì)一片未斷裂的葉片進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的解剖分析。綜合現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研分析、微觀組織行為及硬度和沖擊性能的對(duì)比分析,最終給出該動(dòng)葉片失效的原因,為同類煙機(jī)葉片的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及失效分析提供實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:煙氣輪機(jī),葉片,斷裂,晶粒,榫齒,晶界

Abstract


The gas turbine, which installed in the smoke energy recovery system of FCC Unit, is the main equipment of installed gas recovery of waste heat. The gas turbine is the kind of rotating machinery at high speed that can change the heat energy and pressure in FCC unit gas into mechanical energy through expanding power.The power can be used to drive the main fan to produce air supply for the device or drive the generators to produce power so as to achieve the purpose of energy recovery. 

Because Flue Gas Turbine usually works at high temperatures, dust, dirt, high speed and other conditions, plus the problems exist in the designing, manufacturing, installing, running and other links, all these factors cause the gas turbine can not achieve the ideal effect. During the working process, some equipment failure such as high-value, leak, scraping, captive interlock maloperation will cause the crew to stop and even gas turbine rotor blade break, coupling fault and overspeed,etc. All these accidents will cause great damage to gas turbine. The most serious damage is the break of turbine rotor blade, which can stop the whole device and even the operation. Therefore, the study of gas turbine blade fracture is very necessary and important, because the study will bring safe operation and achieve substantial economic effect.
This article conducts the analytical study emphatically in view of the question of catalyzed cracking unit turbine blade break.Through the investigation and study about the working condition of turbine in each oil refinery and visiting of some refineries that have similar accidents, the author checked the record and each link before and after the accidents carefully. According to the analysis of accidents in different refineries, the author tried to find out the major reasons of the accidents. Through the investigation of the material and heat treatment technology analysis of turbine blade, as well as the spot investigation in thecatalytic workshop of Fushun 2nd Petroleum Refinery, the analytical sampling and the spot observation shows that there is a moving vane tenon tooth’s break, thus the author decided to carry on the thorough analysis to it. Through the macro-inspecting of the uppermost part of blade and the bottom part of the tenon, the author conducts the contrastive analysis of mechanical performance. The analysis mainly includes the understanding of the process of blade break and the damage situation; the macroscopic inspection analysis before the blade dissection and the convention mechanical properties analysis. As for the microstructure contrastive analysis to the leaf blade, mainly includes the analysis of inclusion and the crystal grain size analysis; the fracture appearance analysis, the strengthening separates out the shape and the crystal boundary condition SEM analysis, the strengthening separates out the shape the high resolution field launch electron microscope analysis. Meanwhile through the contrastive analysis after using the leaf blade to carry on degree of hardness contrastive analysis, and through taking a sample on the leaf blade, conducting contrastive analysis on the blade impact properties of the used leaf blade. In order to make further evaluation of the rotor blades’ organizational behavior, the author conducts the systematic dissection and analysis on a non-breaking blade. Integrate spot research and analysis, microstructure and hardness and comparative analysis of the impact performance, the paper will ultimately give the reasons of rotor blade failure, and provide experimental data for similar turbine rotor blade structure design and failure analysis in the future.
Keyword: Gas expander,Blade,F(xiàn)racture,Grain,Tenon,Grain boundary
 
目 錄
 
第一章  前 言 1
1.1 概述 1
1.2 問題的提出 2
1.3 研究方向 2
1.4 研究?jī)?nèi)容 3
1.5 研究方案 3
第二章 煙機(jī)葉片材質(zhì) 4
2.1 國(guó)外、國(guó)內(nèi)葉片材質(zhì)應(yīng)用情況 4
2.2 國(guó)內(nèi)、外采用的材質(zhì)應(yīng)用對(duì)比分析 5
第三章 煙機(jī)葉片熱處理工藝 7
3.1熱處理對(duì)GH864合金影響 7
3.2動(dòng)葉片鍛件毛坯熱處理制度 7
3.3葉片鍛件毛坯熱處理制度試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù) 9
3.4研討分析所得的結(jié)論 11
第四章 研究材料及研究方法 13
4.1研究材料 13
4.2研究方法 13
第五章 失效葉片宏觀檢查及力學(xué)性能對(duì)比分析 15
5.1葉片斷裂經(jīng)過及損壞情況 15
5.2解剖前的宏觀檢查分析 16
5.3常規(guī)力學(xué)性能分析 17
5.4本章小結(jié) 29
第六章 失效葉片顯微組織對(duì)比分析 20
6.1斷口取樣方案 21
6.2夾雜物和晶粒度分析 22
6.3斷口形貌分析 28
6.4強(qiáng)化相析出形態(tài)及晶界狀態(tài)的SEM分析 33
6.5強(qiáng)化相析出形態(tài)的高分辨場(chǎng)發(fā)射電鏡分析 35
6.6本章小結(jié) 36
第七章 總論 37
第八章 葉片斷裂預(yù)防措施 39
致謝 41
符號(hào)說明 42
參 考 文 獻(xiàn) 43
 
第一章  前 言


1.1 概述
為保證煙氣能量能夠得到最大化回收,在催化裂化莊重進(jìn)行煙氣輪機(jī)的裝置是必不可少的環(huán)節(jié),該裝置通過將機(jī)器產(chǎn)生的煙氣通過熱力和壓力共同作用下轉(zhuǎn)換成可供機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的能量,,并且提供機(jī)器風(fēng)扇進(jìn)行發(fā)電。這種回收方式不僅將不需要的煙氣進(jìn)行回收,并且能夠?qū)⑵滢D(zhuǎn)換成可供機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的能量。
我國(guó)自七十年代以來已生產(chǎn)各種類型的煙機(jī)一百多臺(tái),這些機(jī)組在節(jié)約電能方面效益可觀。然而,煙機(jī)在正常運(yùn)作時(shí)周圍環(huán)境以及自身運(yùn)行條件十分苛刻,所以需要對(duì)其安全性能進(jìn)行監(jiān)管。但是在煙機(jī)進(jìn)行運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)能量平衡分布,所以在其散發(fā)高熱量時(shí)熱量分布到每一個(gè)機(jī)輪中,所以在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)溫度會(huì)出現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì)。況且煙氣輪機(jī)的氣氛介質(zhì)中含有CO,CO的二次燃燒會(huì)造成氣氛導(dǎo)致渦輪盤的金屬溫度驟升,而溫度是影響葉片和渦輪盤工作的敏感因素,因此對(duì)超溫現(xiàn)象的研究是很重要的,另外實(shí)際工作中也可能發(fā)生超載現(xiàn)象。
由于其硬度要求符合制造大型設(shè)備,所以從1960年開始在各國(guó)航空公司以及制造渦輪裝置時(shí)采用該合金。在使用這一合金時(shí)能夠與多個(gè)硬度較高的設(shè)備進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),及時(shí)硬度要求過高的狀態(tài)下也能夠通過其韌性較強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。通常高強(qiáng)度設(shè)備的溫度較高,以往的金屬在面對(duì)這種情況時(shí)由于溫度過高出現(xiàn)斷裂等問題,但是該合金具有非常出色面對(duì)高溫環(huán)境下可以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間保持其塑形。這一特點(diǎn)對(duì)制造渦輪盤來說無疑是非常特殊的作用,能夠保證渦輪及時(shí)在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間運(yùn)作狀態(tài)下出現(xiàn)高溫,也能夠正常運(yùn)行。自五十年代中期,很多研究者對(duì)該合金的化學(xué)成分、熱加工工藝、熱處理制度、合金的組織控制等方面進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的研究,使得合金的強(qiáng)度和塑性不斷得以提高。在七十年代末又推出了高強(qiáng)度和高塑性的超級(jí)Waspaloy合金。在1986年4月該合金被北京石油設(shè)計(jì)院選用作為YLII-10000型煙氣輪機(jī)兩級(jí)渦輪盤和葉片材料。合金功能非常強(qiáng)大,但是在面對(duì)煙氣機(jī)輪的設(shè)計(jì)中采用此金屬,也無法改善由于其特殊的運(yùn)行環(huán)境導(dǎo)致的一系列問題。所以在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中發(fā)現(xiàn)在溫度和周圍空氣相互交替變幻中機(jī)輪的葉片出現(xiàn)明顯的裂痕。
第八章 葉片斷裂預(yù)防措施
煙機(jī)是主風(fēng)機(jī)組中工況最惡劣的,要使其安全穩(wěn)定長(zhǎng)周期運(yùn)行,一方面設(shè)計(jì)制造是關(guān)鍵,另一方面外部因素影響也不能忽視。只有這兩方面都做好了,才能保證煙氣輪機(jī)安全穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。防止煙機(jī)葉片斷裂采取的措施及建議如下:




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