明代前期私刻研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-04-23 09:18
【摘要】：明代版刻數(shù)目大、散布廣、門類全,且階段、系統(tǒng)分明,裝幀、印刷精良,常常為后人所稱頌。明代前期(洪武—成化)的版刻在卷帙浩繁的明一代刻書中占據(jù)了十分重要的地位,其刻書活動為明中、后期刻書奠定了堅實的基礎。但明代前期私刻,相比中后期而言,數(shù)量少之又少,卻堪稱精品。明代前期刻書背景。政治方面,朱元璋利用政治權(quán)威干預百姓生活,實行嚴酷專制的政治統(tǒng)治;思想方面,統(tǒng)治者大力倡導程朱理學,并把它奉為法定的正統(tǒng)思想;刻書政策方面,統(tǒng)治者一方面鼓勵出版,下令免繳書籍稅以解放刻書事業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力,另一方面,對刻書內(nèi)容嚴加監(jiān)管,與其思想統(tǒng)治相配合,又制約了刻書業(yè)的多元化發(fā)展;文壇風氣方面,雍容粉飾的臺閣體盛行,很多文人歌功頌德、粉飾太平,傾慕文以載道的宋人文風,尤其對歐陽修、蘇軾、曾鞏、高啟鐘愛有加,臺閣體文人的創(chuàng)作取向,也直接刺激著刻書主持人的刊印選題方向,進而對刻書活動產(chǎn)生較大的影響。明代前期私刻概述。私刻又稱家刻,即為私家刻書,家刻是中國古代三大刻印系統(tǒng)(官刻、坊刻、家刻)之一。通過對《全明分省分縣刻書考》《明別集版本志》《江蘇刻書》《福建刻書》以及相關出版志等梳理篩選,共得到明代前期390種私刻本,私刻主337家。通過對私刻主身份和地域考查可知:私刻主持人考中進士、舉人后為官者居多,他們知識淵博,且具有一定的經(jīng)濟基礎,除此之外,學者、道士、刻字工人、刻書藝人、商人、隱士刻書等也有;明代前期私刻機構(gòu)地域分布特點為:南方居多且中心明確,明顯體現(xiàn)出持續(xù)發(fā)展與刻書政策對刻書業(yè)的影響。明代前期私刻的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)私刻主持人的刻書選擇,統(tǒng)計出明代前期刻書以私刻主持人自撰自編書籍以及親族鄉(xiāng)賢書籍居多,由于受政治、經(jīng)濟、刻書政策以及文風的影響,儒者文集與宋元明文集刊印數(shù)量亦可觀,而詞曲小說和叢書則少得可憐。除此之外,關系人們生老病死的醫(yī)學書籍也成為明代前期私刻的熱點。明代前期私刻的版式多繼承元代刻書遺風,并多與此期官刻、坊刻的特點相一致,字體以趙體字為主,版心寬大,多黑口,除此之外,明代前期私刻的版式設計也有自己十分明顯的特征:一是行款不統(tǒng)一,大字本、小字本皆有,且小字本多于大字本;二是有牌記者很少,三百九十余種書籍僅有十種使用牌記,而且牌記內(nèi)容非常簡潔,私刻主的廣告意識不強,這些均充分體現(xiàn)了私刻不以盈利為目的的特征。明代前期私刻的意義。明代前期私刻彌補了官刻、坊刻的不足,對保存家族鄉(xiāng)邦文化以及形成良好的家風族風起到很大作用,同時,私刻主持人的敬業(yè)精神、志在傳播文化的理想為當今出版人提供了極好的精神食糧。
[Abstract]:Ming Dynasty engraving large number, wide spread, all categories, and stage, system clear, binding, well-printed, often praised by posterity. The engraving of the early Ming Dynasty (Hongwu-Chenghua) occupied a very important position in the voluminous Ming Dynasty engraving, which laid a solid foundation for the inscription in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. But the early Ming Dynasty private engraving, compared with the middle and late, the number is very small, but can be called fine. The background of engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. On the political side, Zhu Yuanzhang used political authority to interfere with people's life and carry out harsh autocratic political rule, and on the ideological side, the rulers vigorously advocated the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu, and regarded it as legal orthodoxy. In the policy of engraving books, on the one hand, the ruler encourages publishing, orders the exemption of tax on books in order to liberate the productive forces of the cause of engraving, on the other hand, strictly supervises the contents of engraving, cooperates with his ideological rule, and restricts the diversified development of the engraving industry. In the literary world, the elegant and whitewashed Taiwan cabinet is popular, and many literati sing songs and praise, whitewash the peace, and admire the literary style of the Song Dynasty, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi and Zhong Jia, and the creative orientation of the Taiwanese literati, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi Zhong Jia, and the Taiwanese literati. It also directly stimulates the subject selection direction of the engraving host, and then has a great influence on the engraving activity. An overview of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. Private engraving also known as home engraving, that is, private engraving, home engraving is one of the three ancient Chinese engraving system (official engraving, anecdotal engraving, home engraving). A total of 390 kinds of private engraving books in the early Ming Dynasty were obtained by sorting out and selecting Fujian engraving Books and the related published records through the textual study of Quanming Province and county engraving books, the Jiangsu inscription Collection Edition, and the related publication records, etc., and 337 private engraving books were obtained in the early Ming Dynasty. Through the examination of the principal identity and region of the private engraving, it can be seen that the private engraving host, after the examination, is the majority of the officers, they are knowledgeable, and have a certain economic base. In addition, scholars, Taoists, lettering workers, engraving artists, businessmen, and so on, have a great deal of knowledge and knowledge, and they have a certain economic base. Hermit engraving, etc.; The characteristics of the regional distribution of the private engraving institutions in the early Ming Dynasty are as follows: the south is mostly and the center is clear, which clearly reflects the influence of the sustained development and the engraving policy on the engraving industry. The content of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. According to the choice of the private engraving host, it is found that in the early Ming Dynasty, the private engraving host wrote the self-compiled books and the books of the kindred people, mostly because of the influence of politics, economy, engraving policy and style of writing. Confucian works and Song, Yuan and Ming collections were also published in considerable quantities, while ci-qu novels and series of books were meagre. In addition, medical books related to people's life, old age, illness and death have also become a hot spot of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. The type of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty inherited more of the style of Yuan Dynasty engraving, and was consistent with the characteristics of this period of official engraving and anecdotal engraving. The fonts were mainly Zhao body characters, the heart of the print was broad, and there were many black mouths, in addition to this period of official engraving. The layout design of the private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty also has its own obvious characteristics: first, the lines are not uniform, large-character books, small-character books have, and small-character books are more than large-character books; Second, there are very few licensed journalists, more than 390 kinds of books have only 10 kinds of cards, and the contents of card notes are very concise, the advertising consciousness of private engravers is not strong, these fully reflect the characteristics of private engraving not to profit for the purpose of the characteristics. The significance of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, private engraving made up for the shortage of official engraving and anecdotal engraving, which played a great role in preserving the culture of family and country and forming a good style of family style. At the same time, private engraving the professional spirit of the host. The ideal of spreading culture provides an excellent spiritual food for today's publishers.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G256
[Abstract]:Ming Dynasty engraving large number, wide spread, all categories, and stage, system clear, binding, well-printed, often praised by posterity. The engraving of the early Ming Dynasty (Hongwu-Chenghua) occupied a very important position in the voluminous Ming Dynasty engraving, which laid a solid foundation for the inscription in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. But the early Ming Dynasty private engraving, compared with the middle and late, the number is very small, but can be called fine. The background of engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. On the political side, Zhu Yuanzhang used political authority to interfere with people's life and carry out harsh autocratic political rule, and on the ideological side, the rulers vigorously advocated the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu, and regarded it as legal orthodoxy. In the policy of engraving books, on the one hand, the ruler encourages publishing, orders the exemption of tax on books in order to liberate the productive forces of the cause of engraving, on the other hand, strictly supervises the contents of engraving, cooperates with his ideological rule, and restricts the diversified development of the engraving industry. In the literary world, the elegant and whitewashed Taiwan cabinet is popular, and many literati sing songs and praise, whitewash the peace, and admire the literary style of the Song Dynasty, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi and Zhong Jia, and the creative orientation of the Taiwanese literati, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi Zhong Jia, and the Taiwanese literati. It also directly stimulates the subject selection direction of the engraving host, and then has a great influence on the engraving activity. An overview of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. Private engraving also known as home engraving, that is, private engraving, home engraving is one of the three ancient Chinese engraving system (official engraving, anecdotal engraving, home engraving). A total of 390 kinds of private engraving books in the early Ming Dynasty were obtained by sorting out and selecting Fujian engraving Books and the related published records through the textual study of Quanming Province and county engraving books, the Jiangsu inscription Collection Edition, and the related publication records, etc., and 337 private engraving books were obtained in the early Ming Dynasty. Through the examination of the principal identity and region of the private engraving, it can be seen that the private engraving host, after the examination, is the majority of the officers, they are knowledgeable, and have a certain economic base. In addition, scholars, Taoists, lettering workers, engraving artists, businessmen, and so on, have a great deal of knowledge and knowledge, and they have a certain economic base. Hermit engraving, etc.; The characteristics of the regional distribution of the private engraving institutions in the early Ming Dynasty are as follows: the south is mostly and the center is clear, which clearly reflects the influence of the sustained development and the engraving policy on the engraving industry. The content of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. According to the choice of the private engraving host, it is found that in the early Ming Dynasty, the private engraving host wrote the self-compiled books and the books of the kindred people, mostly because of the influence of politics, economy, engraving policy and style of writing. Confucian works and Song, Yuan and Ming collections were also published in considerable quantities, while ci-qu novels and series of books were meagre. In addition, medical books related to people's life, old age, illness and death have also become a hot spot of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. The type of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty inherited more of the style of Yuan Dynasty engraving, and was consistent with the characteristics of this period of official engraving and anecdotal engraving. The fonts were mainly Zhao body characters, the heart of the print was broad, and there were many black mouths, in addition to this period of official engraving. The layout design of the private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty also has its own obvious characteristics: first, the lines are not uniform, large-character books, small-character books have, and small-character books are more than large-character books; Second, there are very few licensed journalists, more than 390 kinds of books have only 10 kinds of cards, and the contents of card notes are very concise, the advertising consciousness of private engravers is not strong, these fully reflect the characteristics of private engraving not to profit for the purpose of the characteristics. The significance of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, private engraving made up for the shortage of official engraving and anecdotal engraving, which played a great role in preserving the culture of family and country and forming a good style of family style. At the same time, private engraving the professional spirit of the host. The ideal of spreading culture provides an excellent spiritual food for today's publishers.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G256
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