增施鉀肥、磷肥及稀土微肥對馬鈴薯抗旱性的影響及機制研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-27 20:59
【摘要】：鉀肥、磷肥是作物生長發(fā)育必不可少、但在旱區(qū)土壤中含量較少的礦質(zhì)肥料,其對作物的作用除了供應直接營養(yǎng)外,合理施用還能大大增強作物的抗旱性。稀土微肥作為一種新型肥料,對增強植物的抗旱性有一定的作用。在我國北方特別是西北地區(qū)的主要耕作地以旱地為主,因此,水分條件成為制約農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展過程中不可忽略的問題。關(guān)于施肥前人的研究主要集中在氮磷鉀混合肥料對馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響,但關(guān)于不同鉀肥、磷肥及稀土微肥的供給量是如何調(diào)控馬鈴薯抗旱的生理機制,特別是單一肥料對馬鈴薯抗旱增產(chǎn)所需最佳施肥水平方面研究顯著不足,值得系統(tǒng)深入開展相關(guān)研究。本文以“大西洋”馬鈴薯為材料,控制土壤含水量及鉀肥、磷肥及稀土微肥的不同增施量,通過對其苗期抗性生理指標、成熟期農(nóng)藝性狀指標的測定,旨在探究不同增施量的鉀肥、磷肥及稀土微肥對馬鈴薯生長發(fā)育和抗旱生理的影響,揭示增施適量鉀肥、磷肥及稀土微肥提高馬鈴薯抗旱性的生理機制,為馬鈴薯在干旱區(qū)種植和推廣提供理論指導。主要結(jié)論如下:1.水分虧缺是造成馬鈴薯生長發(fā)育遲緩的主要因素之一。本文通過設(shè)定Water-CK,Water-1,Water-2三個土壤水分含量,通過測定馬鈴薯幼苗葉片光合色素含量、滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)含量以及抗氧化酶活性等生理指標,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著干旱脅迫程度的增加,馬鈴薯幼苗葉片含水量和葉綠素含量逐漸下降,可溶性糖、脯氨酸等滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、相對電導率(REC)及超氧陰離子(O_2~-.)產(chǎn)生速率逐漸升高,抗氧化酶活性增強,株高、莖粗、根長、匍匐莖數(shù)、地上部分干重等生物量逐漸降低,馬鈴薯單株薯重及塊莖中淀粉含量、蛋白質(zhì)含量和維生素含量下降明顯,其中變化最顯著的是Water-2下的馬鈴薯單株薯重,與Water-CK相比較,由最初的623 g降低為423 g,降低了43.6%。說明干旱脅迫對馬鈴薯最直接的影響是導致其產(chǎn)量的降低。2.葉面增施鉀肥后,較未增施的馬鈴薯幼苗葉片的葉綠素和類胡蘿卜素含量顯著增加,滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)大量積累,抗氧化酶活性增強,MDA含量下降,馬鈴薯株高、基徑、地上部分重、根重、根長和塊莖重量顯著增加;通過葉面噴施不同量的硫酸鉀,結(jié)果顯示每株以3.5g硫酸鉀的增施量對促進干旱脅迫下馬鈴薯生長發(fā)育和抗旱性的作用最為顯著。說明通過葉面噴施方式增施適宜濃度的硫酸鉀可以增強馬鈴薯植株對干旱脅迫的抗性,增加光合產(chǎn)物的積累,緩解干旱脅迫對馬鈴薯植株造成的傷害,為馬鈴薯植株的正常生長提供一個相對良好的環(huán)境,從而達到增產(chǎn)增收的經(jīng)濟效益并改善其塊莖的營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)。3.不同水分條件下增施適量磷肥后,顯著增加了馬鈴薯葉片含水量、葉綠素含量,相對增強了抗氧化酶活性,降低了相對電導率、MDA含量和活性氧水平,且馬鈴薯塊莖重量及塊莖淀粉、蛋白質(zhì)和Vc含量顯著增加。通過比較包括對照在內(nèi)的6種磷肥增施量,以每畝增施10.2 kg磷肥對馬鈴薯幼苗抗旱性及生長發(fā)育的促進效果最佳。綜上所述,干旱脅迫顯著抑制了馬鈴薯幼苗生長發(fā)育,而增施適量磷肥可通過提高滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)含量和抗氧化酶活性,有效緩解干旱脅迫下馬鈴薯幼苗葉片的脂質(zhì)過氧化程度及細胞膜損傷,減輕干旱對生長發(fā)育的抑制,從而整體上增強了馬鈴薯植株耐旱能力。4.通過不同程度干旱脅迫下分別澆灌0、30、60、90、120和150 mg/L PrCl3水溶液發(fā)現(xiàn),增施不同濃度PrCl3后,有效提高了不同水分條件下馬鈴薯幼苗葉片葉綠素及滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)含量,降低活性氧代謝物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生速率,大大增強了抗氧化酶的活性。在Water-2處理下,增施濃度為90 mg/L的PrCl_3溶液時,馬鈴薯葉片葉綠素、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量分別較未增施處理提高了162.35%、59.59%、154.45%,MDA含量、O_2~-.產(chǎn)生速率及相對電導率分別降低了67.70%、25.29%、37.70%,抗氧化酶活性提高了38.35%、28.08%、66.00%,成熟期馬鈴薯株高、莖粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝數(shù)、單株薯重分別增加了67.87%、21.68%、32.81%、49.05%、187.50%和63.91%。說明干旱脅迫下增施適量氯化鐠可提高幼苗植株細胞內(nèi)滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì),增強抗氧化酶活性,減少自由基的積累,緩解干旱脅迫對馬鈴薯幼苗生長發(fā)育造成的損傷,提高馬鈴薯植株的耐旱能力,為馬鈴薯在干旱脅迫下的穩(wěn)產(chǎn)提供保障。綜上所述,合理有效的施肥措施及施肥量不僅保證了馬鈴薯生長發(fā)育所需的養(yǎng)分供應,還增加了馬鈴薯幼苗葉片對碳素的同化累積,顯著提高了滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)含量及抗氧化酶活性,減輕了干旱對馬鈴薯植株造成脅迫危害,確保植株正常生長發(fā)育,從而增強干旱脅迫下馬鈴薯植株的抗性,提高馬鈴薯塊莖的產(chǎn)量并改善塊莖的營養(yǎng)與品質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:The potash fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are essential for the growth and development of the crops, but the mineral fertilizer with less content in the soil of the dry area, the effect of the fertilizer on the crops can greatly enhance the drought resistance of the crops in addition to the direct nutrition supply. As a new type of fertilizer, the rare-earth micro-fertilizer has a certain effect on the drought resistance of the plant. In the northern part of China, especially in the northwest area, the main cultivation is mainly dry land, so the water condition becomes a problem that is not negligible in the process of agricultural production and development. The research on the application of nitrogen and phosphorus was mainly focused on the effect of the mixed fertilizer on the yield and quality of the potato, but the supply amount of the fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the rare-earth micro-fertilizer was the physiological mechanism for controlling the drought resistance of the potato. In particular, that research on the optimal application level of the single-fertilizer to the drought-resistant and yield-increasing yield of the potato is obviously insufficient, and the relevant research is worthy of being carried out in the system. In this paper, by using the "Atlantic" potato as the material, the water content of the soil and the different increasing amounts of the potassium fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the rare earth micro-fertilizer are controlled, the physiological indexes of the resistance to the seedling stage of the soil and the determination of the agronomic characters of the mature period are determined, and the purpose of the invention is to explore the different application amount of the potassium fertilizer, The effect of phosphate fertilizer and rare-earth micro-fertilizer on the growth and drought-resistance of the potato was studied. The physiological mechanism of increasing the drought resistance of the potato was revealed by the application of a proper amount of potassium fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and rare-earth micro-fertilizer, which provided the theoretical guidance for the planting and promotion of the potato in the arid area. The main conclusions are as follows:1. Water deficit is one of the main factors in the growth retardation of potato. In this paper, by setting the water content of water-CK, Water-1 and Water-2, the content of photosynthetic pigment, the content of osmotic regulating substance and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined by the determination of the content of photosynthetic pigment, the content of osmotic regulating substance and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the results showed that with the increase of drought stress, The water content and the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and proline, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), relative conductivity (REC) and superoxide anion (O _ 2 ~-) of potato seedling leaves were decreased. ) the production rate is gradually increased, the activity of the anti-oxidation enzyme is enhanced, the plant height, the stem length, the root length, the number of the stolon, the dry weight of the ground part and the like are gradually reduced, the content of the starch, the protein content and the vitamin content in the potato weight and the tuber of the potato are obviously reduced, The most significant variation is the potato weight of the potato under the Water-2, compared with the Water-CK, reduced to 423 g by the original 623 g and a decrease of 43.6%. The most direct effect of drought stress on potato is the reduction of its yield. after the application of the potassium fertilizer on the leaves, the content of the chlorophyll and the carotenoid in the leaves of the unincreased potato seedlings is obviously increased, the osmotic adjustment substances are accumulated in a large amount, the activity of the anti-oxidation enzyme is enhanced, the content of the MDA is reduced, the potato strain is high, the base diameter, the ground part is heavy and the root is heavy, The root length and the weight of tuber were significantly increased; by spraying different amounts of potassium sulfate on the leaves, the results showed that the effect of increasing the amount of potassium sulfate on the growth and drought resistance of the potato under drought stress was the most significant. The method can enhance the resistance of the potato plants to the drought stress, increase the accumulation of the tomato products, relieve the damage caused by the drought stress on the potato plants, and provide a relatively good environment for the normal growth of the potato plants, So as to achieve the economic benefit of increasing the income and improve the nutrition quality of the tuber. after the appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer is added under different water conditions, the water content and the chlorophyll content of the potato leaves are obviously increased, the anti-oxidation enzyme activity is relatively enhanced, the relative conductivity, the MDA content and the active oxygen level are reduced, the weight of the potato tubers and the tuber starch are reduced, The protein and the vitamin c content are significantly increased. The drought resistance and the growth and development of the potato seedlings were optimized by comparing the application amount of 6 kinds of phosphate fertilizer, including the control, with the increase of 10.2 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu. in conclusion, that drought stress obviously inhibit the growth and development of the potato seedling, and the application of the appropriate amount of the phosphate fertilizer can effectively relieve the lipid peroxidation degree and the cell membrane damage of the potato seedling leaf under the drought stress by increasing the content of the osmotic adjustment substance and the antioxidant enzyme activity, The inhibition of the drought on the growth and development is reduced, and the drought resistance of the potato plants is greatly enhanced. in that method,0,30,60,90,120 and 150 mg/ L PrCl3 aqueous solution are separately cast under different degree of drought stress, and after different concentration of PrCl3 are added, the content of the chlorophyll and the osmotic adjustment substance of the potato seedling leaves under different water conditions is effectively improved, the generation rate of the active oxygen metabolic substance is reduced, And the activity of the antioxidant enzyme is greatly enhanced. Under the treatment of water-2, the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and proline in potato leaves increased by 162.35%, 59.59%, 154.45%, MDA content, O _ 2 ~-. The production rate and relative conductivity decreased by 67.70%, 25.29%, 37.70% respectively, the anti-oxidation enzyme activity increased by 38.35%, 28.08%, 66.00%, and the dry weight of the potato in the mature period, the number of the ground branches, the weight of the ground and the underground part, the number of the above-ground branches, the weight of the sweet potato increased by 67.87%, 21.68% and 32.81%, respectively. 49.05%, 187.50% and 63.91%. An appropriate amount of chlorinating agent is added under the drought stress, so that the osmotic adjustment substances in the seedling plant cells can be improved, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes is enhanced, the accumulation of free radicals is reduced, the damage to the growth and development of the potato seedlings is relieved by the drought stress, the drought tolerance of the potato plants is improved, And provides the guarantee for the stable and stable production of the potato under the drought stress. In conclusion, the reasonable and effective fertilizer application measures and the fertilizer application amount not only ensure the nutrient supply required by the growth and development of the potatoes, but also increase the assimilation and accumulation of the potato seedling leaves on the carbon, The stress damage to the potato plants is reduced, the normal growth and development of the plants is ensured, the resistance of the potato plants under the drought stress is enhanced, the yield of the potato tubers is improved, and the nutrition and the quality of the tubers are improved.
【學位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S532
本文編號：2507139
[Abstract]:The potash fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are essential for the growth and development of the crops, but the mineral fertilizer with less content in the soil of the dry area, the effect of the fertilizer on the crops can greatly enhance the drought resistance of the crops in addition to the direct nutrition supply. As a new type of fertilizer, the rare-earth micro-fertilizer has a certain effect on the drought resistance of the plant. In the northern part of China, especially in the northwest area, the main cultivation is mainly dry land, so the water condition becomes a problem that is not negligible in the process of agricultural production and development. The research on the application of nitrogen and phosphorus was mainly focused on the effect of the mixed fertilizer on the yield and quality of the potato, but the supply amount of the fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the rare-earth micro-fertilizer was the physiological mechanism for controlling the drought resistance of the potato. In particular, that research on the optimal application level of the single-fertilizer to the drought-resistant and yield-increasing yield of the potato is obviously insufficient, and the relevant research is worthy of being carried out in the system. In this paper, by using the "Atlantic" potato as the material, the water content of the soil and the different increasing amounts of the potassium fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the rare earth micro-fertilizer are controlled, the physiological indexes of the resistance to the seedling stage of the soil and the determination of the agronomic characters of the mature period are determined, and the purpose of the invention is to explore the different application amount of the potassium fertilizer, The effect of phosphate fertilizer and rare-earth micro-fertilizer on the growth and drought-resistance of the potato was studied. The physiological mechanism of increasing the drought resistance of the potato was revealed by the application of a proper amount of potassium fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and rare-earth micro-fertilizer, which provided the theoretical guidance for the planting and promotion of the potato in the arid area. The main conclusions are as follows:1. Water deficit is one of the main factors in the growth retardation of potato. In this paper, by setting the water content of water-CK, Water-1 and Water-2, the content of photosynthetic pigment, the content of osmotic regulating substance and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined by the determination of the content of photosynthetic pigment, the content of osmotic regulating substance and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the results showed that with the increase of drought stress, The water content and the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and proline, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), relative conductivity (REC) and superoxide anion (O _ 2 ~-) of potato seedling leaves were decreased. ) the production rate is gradually increased, the activity of the anti-oxidation enzyme is enhanced, the plant height, the stem length, the root length, the number of the stolon, the dry weight of the ground part and the like are gradually reduced, the content of the starch, the protein content and the vitamin content in the potato weight and the tuber of the potato are obviously reduced, The most significant variation is the potato weight of the potato under the Water-2, compared with the Water-CK, reduced to 423 g by the original 623 g and a decrease of 43.6%. The most direct effect of drought stress on potato is the reduction of its yield. after the application of the potassium fertilizer on the leaves, the content of the chlorophyll and the carotenoid in the leaves of the unincreased potato seedlings is obviously increased, the osmotic adjustment substances are accumulated in a large amount, the activity of the anti-oxidation enzyme is enhanced, the content of the MDA is reduced, the potato strain is high, the base diameter, the ground part is heavy and the root is heavy, The root length and the weight of tuber were significantly increased; by spraying different amounts of potassium sulfate on the leaves, the results showed that the effect of increasing the amount of potassium sulfate on the growth and drought resistance of the potato under drought stress was the most significant. The method can enhance the resistance of the potato plants to the drought stress, increase the accumulation of the tomato products, relieve the damage caused by the drought stress on the potato plants, and provide a relatively good environment for the normal growth of the potato plants, So as to achieve the economic benefit of increasing the income and improve the nutrition quality of the tuber. after the appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer is added under different water conditions, the water content and the chlorophyll content of the potato leaves are obviously increased, the anti-oxidation enzyme activity is relatively enhanced, the relative conductivity, the MDA content and the active oxygen level are reduced, the weight of the potato tubers and the tuber starch are reduced, The protein and the vitamin c content are significantly increased. The drought resistance and the growth and development of the potato seedlings were optimized by comparing the application amount of 6 kinds of phosphate fertilizer, including the control, with the increase of 10.2 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu. in conclusion, that drought stress obviously inhibit the growth and development of the potato seedling, and the application of the appropriate amount of the phosphate fertilizer can effectively relieve the lipid peroxidation degree and the cell membrane damage of the potato seedling leaf under the drought stress by increasing the content of the osmotic adjustment substance and the antioxidant enzyme activity, The inhibition of the drought on the growth and development is reduced, and the drought resistance of the potato plants is greatly enhanced. in that method,0,30,60,90,120 and 150 mg/ L PrCl3 aqueous solution are separately cast under different degree of drought stress, and after different concentration of PrCl3 are added, the content of the chlorophyll and the osmotic adjustment substance of the potato seedling leaves under different water conditions is effectively improved, the generation rate of the active oxygen metabolic substance is reduced, And the activity of the antioxidant enzyme is greatly enhanced. Under the treatment of water-2, the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and proline in potato leaves increased by 162.35%, 59.59%, 154.45%, MDA content, O _ 2 ~-. The production rate and relative conductivity decreased by 67.70%, 25.29%, 37.70% respectively, the anti-oxidation enzyme activity increased by 38.35%, 28.08%, 66.00%, and the dry weight of the potato in the mature period, the number of the ground branches, the weight of the ground and the underground part, the number of the above-ground branches, the weight of the sweet potato increased by 67.87%, 21.68% and 32.81%, respectively. 49.05%, 187.50% and 63.91%. An appropriate amount of chlorinating agent is added under the drought stress, so that the osmotic adjustment substances in the seedling plant cells can be improved, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes is enhanced, the accumulation of free radicals is reduced, the damage to the growth and development of the potato seedlings is relieved by the drought stress, the drought tolerance of the potato plants is improved, And provides the guarantee for the stable and stable production of the potato under the drought stress. In conclusion, the reasonable and effective fertilizer application measures and the fertilizer application amount not only ensure the nutrient supply required by the growth and development of the potatoes, but also increase the assimilation and accumulation of the potato seedling leaves on the carbon, The stress damage to the potato plants is reduced, the normal growth and development of the plants is ensured, the resistance of the potato plants under the drought stress is enhanced, the yield of the potato tubers is improved, and the nutrition and the quality of the tubers are improved.
【學位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S532
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