【摘要】：通過(guò)提高耕地復(fù)種指數(shù)保障播種面積是確保水稻高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn),保證國(guó)家糧食安全的重要措施。近些年來(lái),由于農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力減少、勞動(dòng)力成本高、凈收益低等原因,雙季稻播種面積下降,導(dǎo)致水稻播種面積不斷減小。再生稻具有生育期短、節(jié)省農(nóng)資投入、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益高等特點(diǎn),種植再生稻成為了提高復(fù)種指數(shù)、增加稻田單位面積稻谷產(chǎn)量的又一重要措施。研究明確水稻-再生稻體系養(yǎng)分吸收、利用及合理施肥對(duì)再生稻的高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)具有重要意義。本研究通過(guò)兩年的田間試驗(yàn),研究明確了水稻-再生稻體系干物質(zhì)積累及養(yǎng)分吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)規(guī)律,探討了不同施氮時(shí)期和促芽肥用量對(duì)再生稻產(chǎn)量的影響,闡明了氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)水稻-再生稻體系產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率的影響,為水稻-再生稻合理施用氮肥提供了理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.頭季稻總干物質(zhì)積累量在整個(gè)生育期表現(xiàn)為“慢-快-慢”的增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì),快速增長(zhǎng)期從拔節(jié)孕穗期至灌漿期;再生稻的總干物質(zhì)積累呈“S”形曲線,頭季收獲后至再生季齊穗期前的增長(zhǎng)速率較快。頭季莖、葉的干物質(zhì)積累量在灌漿-完熟期之間仍持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。再生稻生育前期莖和葉的干物質(zhì)積累量主要來(lái)自于頭季稻樁的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),頭季稻樁的干物質(zhì)積累量來(lái)自頭季后期積累于水稻下部莖和葉中的光合產(chǎn)物,在頭季收割后向新萌發(fā)的莖和葉中轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)了大量的光合產(chǎn)物,其干物質(zhì)積累量呈下降趨勢(shì)。2.頭季稻的氮總積累量呈平穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),磷、鉀的總積累量均在灌漿期達(dá)到最大;而再生稻氮總積累量的增長(zhǎng)速率呈先快后慢的變化,磷、鉀總積累量在齊穗后開(kāi)始下降。頭季稻莖、葉中的養(yǎng)分分配比例高于再生稻,再生稻則將更多的養(yǎng)分分配至穗中。頭季稻樁的氮、磷、鉀積累量從頭季收割后持續(xù)降低,降幅分別為60.0%、79.0%和84.4%。從齊穗期到完熟期,頭季稻各器官的養(yǎng)分轉(zhuǎn)移表現(xiàn)為葉片對(duì)氮的貢獻(xiàn)率最高,莖的磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量最大3.促芽肥和促苗肥的配合施用顯著提高了再生稻的產(chǎn)量;再生稻的產(chǎn)量與促芽肥用量呈線性加平臺(tái)關(guān)系,試驗(yàn)條件下,最適宜的促芽肥用量為60 kg/hm2,配合施用60 kg/hm2的促苗肥,能夠在增加再生芽萌發(fā)數(shù)量的同時(shí),降低后期的死亡率,使有效穗數(shù)較單次施肥提高了13.0%-17.6%。單施促芽肥會(huì)使再生芽生育后期受到養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)的限制而導(dǎo)致灌漿受阻,使得有效穗數(shù)降低;單施促苗肥的再生芽萌發(fā)相對(duì)較晚,部分再生芽受到生育期限制在生育后期的死亡率增加,影響了有效穗的形成。高促芽肥用量下再生稻的產(chǎn)量并沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步提高,且氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率和偏生產(chǎn)力分別降低了20.9%和28.1%。4.兩季兼顧的氮肥運(yùn)籌模式(推薦施肥處理)對(duì)水稻-再生稻體系增產(chǎn)提效的綜合效果較好,在此基礎(chǔ)上改變水稻-再生稻體系的氮肥運(yùn)籌方式不影響稻谷產(chǎn)量,卻顯著降低了氮肥利用率。在本試驗(yàn)條件下,推薦施肥對(duì)再生季的增產(chǎn)效果較頭季好,增產(chǎn)途徑主要是提高了有效穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù)。與推薦施肥相比,頭季稻施用高氮或增施穗肥分別提高了頭季莖和葉10%-20%的干物質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分積累量,但對(duì)頭季稻庫(kù)容量的沒(méi)有影響,且氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力降低了15.3%-30.5%;前氮后移也不影響氮肥利用率和產(chǎn)量形成。再生季增加促芽肥用量有提高再生稻產(chǎn)量的潛力,但使再生稻的氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率和偏生產(chǎn)力降低了18.8%和19.4%;再生季增施穗肥提高了再生稻的成穗率,但降低了結(jié)實(shí)率。
[Abstract]:It is an important measure to ensure the high and stable yield of the rice and to guarantee the food security of the country by improving the planting area of the cultivated land. In recent years, since the agricultural labor force is reduced, the labor cost is high and the net profit is low, the sowing area of the double-cropping rice is reduced, resulting in a decrease in the seeding area of the rice. The regenerated rice has the characteristics of short growth period, saving of the input of agricultural materials, high economic benefit and the like, and the planting of the regenerated rice has become another important measure to improve the replanting index and increase the rice yield of the rice field unit area. It is of great significance to study the nutrient absorption, utilization and rational application of the rice-regenerated rice system to the high and stable yield of the regenerated rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption and transport of rice-regenerated rice system, and the effects of different application of nitrogen and growth-promoting fertilizer on the yield of regenerated rice were discussed. The effect of the application of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in the rice-regenerated rice system was clarified, and the theoretical basis for the rational application of the nitrogen fertilizer to the rice-regenerated rice was provided. The main results are as follows:1. The total dry matter accumulation in the first-season rice is shown as the growth trend of the "slow-fast-slow" in the whole growth period, and the growth rate of the total dry matter accumulation in the regenerative rice is gradually increased from the jointing stage to the grouting stage; the total dry matter accumulation of the regenerative rice is in a "S"-shaped curve, and the growth rate before the harvest of the first season to the regeneration season is faster. The dry matter accumulation in the stems and leaves of the first season continues to grow between the filling and completion periods. the dry matter accumulation amount of the stem and the leaf in the early stage of the regenerative rice mainly comes from the dry matter transport of the first-season rice pile, the dry matter accumulation amount of the first-season rice pile comes from the dry matter accumulation in the lower stem and the leaf of the rice in the later stage of the first season, After the harvest of the first season, a large amount of dry matter was transferred to the newly-germinated stems and leaves, and the dry matter accumulation in the leaves decreased. The total amount of nitrogen accumulation in the first-season rice was steady, and the total accumulated amount of P and K reached the maximum in the grouting period. The proportion of the nutrient in the stems and leaves of the first-season rice is higher than that of the regenerated rice, and more nutrients are distributed to the ear in the regenerated rice. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the first-season rice pile decreased from the beginning of the harvest to 60.0%, 79.0% and 84.4%, respectively. The nutrient transfer of the organs of the first-season rice was the highest for the leaf to nitrogen, and the amount of phosphorus transport of the stem was the largest in the period from the heading stage to the completion period. The combined application of the bud-promoting fertilizer and the seedling-promoting fertilizer obviously improves the yield of the regenerated rice, the yield of the regenerated rice and the amount of the growth-promoting fertilizer are in a linear and platform relation, under the test condition, the optimal growth-promoting fertilizer is used in an amount of 60kg/ hm2, and the seedling-promoting fertilizer with the weight of 60 kg/ hm2 is matched with the growth-promoting fertilizer, The rate of the later mortality can be reduced while the number of the regenerated buds is increased, and the effective ear number is increased by 13.0% to 17.6% compared with the single fertilization. The single application of the bud-promoting fertilizer can cause the growth stage of the regeneration bud to be restricted by the nutrient supply in the later stage, so that the effective ear number is reduced, the germination of the regeneration bud of the single-application seedling-promoting fertilizer is relatively late, and the growth period of the partial regeneration bud is limited in the later stage of the growth period, and the formation of the effective ear is influenced. The yield of regenerated rice is not further improved in the amount of high-growth-promoting fertilizer, and the utilization rate and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer are reduced by 20.9% and 28.1% respectively. The comprehensive effect of the two-season nitrogen fertilizer operation mode (recommended fertilization treatment) on the yield-increasing effect of the rice-regenerated rice system is better, and on the basis of that, the nitrogen fertilizer operation method of the rice-regenerated rice system does not affect the yield of the rice, but the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is obviously reduced. Under the condition of this test, it is recommended that the effect of applying fertilizer on the regeneration season is better than that of the head, and the increase of the yield is mainly the increase of the number of effective ear and the number of grains per spike. In comparison with the recommended fertilization, the dry matter and nutrient accumulation of the first-season and the 10-20% of the first-season stems and the leaves were increased respectively, but the capacity of the first-season rice was not affected, and the partial productivity of the nitrogen fertilizer was decreased by 15.3%-30.5%, and the utilization rate and yield of the nitrogen fertilizer were not affected after the forward-nitrogen removal. The increase of the consumption of the growth-promoting fertilizer in the regeneration season has the potential to increase the yield of the regenerated rice, but the utilization rate and the partial productivity of the nitrogen fertilizer of the regenerated rice are reduced by 18.8% and 19.4%, and the growth rate of the regenerated rice is improved by the regeneration of the spike-increasing fertilizer, but the seed setting rate is reduced.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S511

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

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本文編號(hào)：2504305