【摘要】：黑棘鯛(Sparus macrocephalus)和斜帶石斑魚(yú)(Epinephelus coioides)是大亞灣主要優(yōu)質(zhì)經(jīng)濟(jì)魚(yú)類(lèi),同時(shí)也沿海增殖放流的優(yōu)良品種,對(duì)生態(tài)修復(fù)和資源養(yǎng)護(hù)都有重要作用。人工繁育的放流苗種在集約化養(yǎng)殖條件下,活動(dòng)空間受到限制,游泳活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度減少,造成魚(yú)體脂肪累積、抗應(yīng)激能力和免疫力下降,對(duì)自然環(huán)境水體的生存適合度明顯弱于野生個(gè)體,影響放流效果。因此有必要加強(qiáng)對(duì)黑棘鯛和斜帶石斑魚(yú)優(yōu)質(zhì)放流苗種的培育,增強(qiáng)放流苗種免疫機(jī)能,以提升放流效果。本研究通過(guò)探查不同游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練方式對(duì)黑棘鯛和斜帶石斑魚(yú)的生長(zhǎng)和抗氧化免疫能力影響,以及運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)不同規(guī)格黑棘鯛的影響,探究通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練增強(qiáng)放流苗種的機(jī)體機(jī)能可行性,同時(shí)篩選出適宜的放流規(guī)格。(1)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)黑棘鯛生長(zhǎng)、非特異性免疫和抗氧化能力的影響本研究以黑棘鯛(S.macrocephalus)為研究對(duì)象,設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)照組(0bl/s,體長(zhǎng)/秒)和訓(xùn)練組(1.0bl/s、2.0bl/s和4.0bl/s)4個(gè)水流速度,探討2周游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)黑棘鯛生長(zhǎng)、非特異性免疫和抗氧化指標(biāo)的影響。主要結(jié)果如下:訓(xùn)練組的特定生長(zhǎng)率和增重率都出現(xiàn)顯著下降(P0.05),4.0bl/s組成活率最低(P0.05)。在2.0bl/s強(qiáng)度下,血糖、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶均顯著下降(P0.05),而總蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、酸性磷酸酶、堿性磷酸酶、血清總抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽則顯著升高(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶、過(guò)氧化氫含量、過(guò)氧化氫酶、谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶、丙二醛和蛋白質(zhì)羰基各組間無(wú)顯著差異。2周的訓(xùn)練顯著增強(qiáng)了抑制羥自由基能力(P0.05),對(duì)溶菌酶活性無(wú)顯著影響。運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)黑棘鯛肝臟總抗氧化能力和丙二醛含量沒(méi)有顯著性影響,谷胱甘肽含量、堿性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和過(guò)氧化氫酶活性均呈現(xiàn)上升的趨勢(shì)。綜合考慮黑棘鯛生長(zhǎng)、血清和肝臟非特異性免疫指標(biāo)得出,在游泳訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度為2.0bl/s時(shí),最有利于提升黑棘鯛機(jī)體免疫機(jī)能。(2)力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)黑棘鯛生長(zhǎng)、非特異性免疫和抗氧化能力的影響本實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組(C組:對(duì)照組,E1:每日一次力竭訓(xùn)練,E2:每日兩次力竭訓(xùn)練),探討兩周力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)黑棘鯛生長(zhǎng)、非特異性免疫和抗氧化指標(biāo)的影響。結(jié)果顯示,力竭訓(xùn)練組和對(duì)照組生長(zhǎng)沒(méi)有顯著性差異。與對(duì)照組相比,E1和E2組血糖、總膽固醇含量顯著下降(P0.05)。甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶在E1組含量最低,在E2組含量最高。總蛋白、球蛋白、酸性磷酸酶和堿性磷酸酶均為先上升后下降的趨勢(shì),在E1組最高。力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)黑棘鯛的血清總抗氧化能力、谷胱甘肽有明顯的降低作用,訓(xùn)練組的總抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽顯著低于對(duì)照組(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶活性則呈現(xiàn)上升的趨勢(shì),但各組間無(wú)顯著差異,與超氧化物歧化酶變化趨勢(shì)相反,過(guò)氧化氫酶在E2組顯著低于對(duì)照組(P0.05)。谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶和丙二醛的含量沒(méi)有發(fā)生顯著性變化。力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練結(jié)束后,黑棘鯛血清抑制羥自由基能力呈現(xiàn)顯著下降的趨勢(shì),E2組最低,E1組次之,各組間差異具有顯著性(P0.05)。蛋白質(zhì)羰基含量出現(xiàn)上升,E2組顯著高于其余兩組(P0.05)。E1和E2組乳酸脫氫酶活性均顯著高于對(duì)照組(P0.05),E1組活性最高。綜合考慮力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)黑棘鯛的影響,每日一次力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)黑棘鯛非特異性免疫和抗氧化機(jī)能有降低作用,而每日兩次力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)則對(duì)機(jī)體造成了明顯的氧化損傷。(3)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)不同規(guī)格黑棘鯛生長(zhǎng)、抗氧化能力和放流成活率影響本研究探討2周有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練(2bl/s)對(duì)4種不同規(guī)格黑棘鯛(4-5cm,5-6cm,6-7cm,7-8cm)的生長(zhǎng)、肝臟和肌肉抗氧化能力影響。結(jié)果顯示,4-5cm體長(zhǎng)組的生長(zhǎng)率最高。訓(xùn)練組肝臟總抗氧化能力在6-7cm和7-8cm體長(zhǎng)組最高,顯著高于其余兩組(P0.05)。肝臟過(guò)氧化氫酶活性在各組間沒(méi)有顯著性差異,訓(xùn)練組7-8cm體長(zhǎng)組的谷胱甘肽含量最高。肌肉總抗氧化能力在6-7cm體長(zhǎng)組提升最明顯,顯著高于非訓(xùn)練組(P0.05)。訓(xùn)練組其余三個(gè)體長(zhǎng)組肌肉丙二醛含量顯著低于4-5cm體長(zhǎng)組。訓(xùn)練結(jié)束后,將各規(guī)格黑棘鯛進(jìn)行為期1個(gè)月模擬放流實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,無(wú)捕食者時(shí),非訓(xùn)練組體長(zhǎng)為4-5cm和5-6cm的黑棘鯛成活率最低,訓(xùn)練組的各體長(zhǎng)組黑棘鯛成活率基本一致,接近100%。有捕食者時(shí),非訓(xùn)練組和訓(xùn)練組的4-5cm體長(zhǎng)組的黑棘鯛成活率均為0,5-6cm體長(zhǎng)組成活率亦不超過(guò)50%,規(guī)格較大兩組的成活率最高。為確保較高的放流存活率,黑棘鯛的增殖放流苗種應(yīng)選擇大于7cm的個(gè)體。(4)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)斜帶石斑魚(yú)生長(zhǎng)、非特異性免疫和抗氧化能力的影響為探討運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)斜帶石斑魚(yú)(E.coioides)非特異性免疫功能以及生長(zhǎng)參數(shù)的影響,本研究將斜帶石斑魚(yú)放置在4個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度(對(duì)照組0bl/s、0.5 bl/s、1.0 bl/s和2.0 bl/s)中進(jìn)行8周的訓(xùn)練實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,1.0bl/s運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)斜帶石斑魚(yú)的特定生長(zhǎng)率、增重率和成活率有顯著提高作用(P0.05)。血清中總蛋白、球蛋白、補(bǔ)體C3含量和溶菌酶、堿性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活性隨運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的增加先上升后下降,其中1.0bl/s組顯著高于其它組(P0.05),而血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶活性先下降后上升,其中1.0bl/s組顯著低于其它組(P0.05),白蛋白和補(bǔ)體C4含量無(wú)顯著性差異。肝臟總抗氧化能力、過(guò)氧化氫酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性隨運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的增加也呈現(xiàn)先增加后降低的趨勢(shì),在1.0bl/s組中活性顯著高于其它組(P0.05)。8周運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)肝臟HSP70 mRNA表達(dá)水平有顯著影響,1.0bl/s組顯著高于其它組(P0.05)。結(jié)果表明,1.0bl/s運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度可提高斜帶石斑魚(yú)幼魚(yú)的生長(zhǎng)速度、增強(qiáng)血液非特異性免疫功能和肝臟抗氧化能力,上調(diào)HSP 70mRNA表達(dá)水平。
[Abstract]:Sparus macrocephala and Epinephelus coioides are the main high-quality economic fish in Daya Bay, and the fine variety of the coastal proliferation and release is important for ecological restoration and resource conservation. Under the condition of intensive cultivation, the artificial breeding of the seedling-releasing seedlings has limited activity space, and the swimming activity intensity is reduced, so that the fat accumulation, the anti-stress and the immunity of the fish body are reduced, and the survival suitability of the natural environment water body is obviously weaker than that of the wild individuals, and the flow effect is influenced. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the cultivation of the high-quality seed-releasing seedlings of the black acanthurus and the oblique-band grouper, and enhance the immune function of the flow-releasing seedlings so as to improve the flow-and-flow effect. The effects of different swimming training methods on the growth and anti-oxidative immunity of the black acanthochromis and the oblique-band grouper, and the effects of the exercise training on the different specifications of the black acanthurus are explored. At the same time, the appropriate discharge specifications are selected. (1) The effect of aerobic exercise on the growth, non-specific immunity and anti-oxidation ability of the black acanthurus (S. macrocephala) was studied. The four water flow rates of the control group (0 bl/ s, body length/ second) and the training group (1.0 bl/ s, 2.0 bl/ s and 4.0 bl/ s) were designed. The effects of 2-week swimming training on the growth, non-specific immunity and anti-oxidation of the black acanthurus were discussed. The main results were as follows: the specific growth rate and the weight gain rate of the training group decreased significantly (P0.05), and the survival rate of the 4.0 bl/ s group was the lowest (P0.05). Under the strength of 2.0 bl/ s, the blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly (P0.05), while the total protein, albumin, globulin, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, The total anti-oxidative and glutathione levels of the serum increased significantly (P0.05). There was no significant difference between the content of superoxide dismutase, hydrogen peroxide, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the group of protein (P <0.05), and no significant effect on the activity of lysozyme. There was no significant effect of exercise training on the total antioxidant capacity and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of glutathione, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and catalase exhibited a tendency to increase. The non-specific immune indexes of the growth, serum and liver of the snapper are considered, and the immune function of the snapper is most beneficial when the intensity of the swimming training is 2.0 bl/ s. (2) The effect of exhaustive exercise on the growth, non-specific immunity and anti-oxidation ability of the black acanthurus was studied in 3 experimental groups (group C: control group, E1: once-time exhaustive training, E2: two-time exhaustive training), and the growth of the black acanthurus was studied by two-week exhaustive exercise. The effect of non-specific immunity and anti-oxidation index. The results showed no significant difference in the growth of the exhaustive training group and the control group. Compared with the control group, the levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol in the E1 and E2 groups decreased significantly (P0.05). The content of triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase was the lowest in the E1 group and the highest in the E2 group. Total protein, globulin, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were the first and the highest in the E1 group. The total antioxidant capacity and the glutathione of the training group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed a tendency to increase, but there was no significant difference among the groups, but the change of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly lower in the E2 group than in the control group (P0.05). There was no significant change in the content of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde (MDA). After the end of exhaustive exercise training, the inhibition of hydroxyl free radical in the serum of the snapper was a significant decrease, and the lowest in the E2 group and the second in the E1 group, and the difference among the groups was significant (P0.05). The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the E1 and E2 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P0.05), and the activity of E1 group was the highest. The effects of exhaustive exercise on the non-specific and anti-oxidative functions of the black acanthurus were considered, and the two-time exhaustive exercise resulted in significant oxidative damage to the body. (3) The effects of aerobic exercise on the growth, anti-oxidation and survival rate of different specifications of black acanthurus (2 bl/ s) were discussed in this study. The effects of 2-week aerobic exercise training (2 bl/ s) on the growth, liver and muscle oxidation resistance of four different specifications of black acanthurus (4-5 cm,5-6 cm,6-7 cm,7-8 cm) were studied. The results showed that the growth rate of the 4-5 cm body was the highest. The total antioxidant capacity of the liver in the training group was the highest in the 6-7 cm and 7-8 cm body, and was significantly higher than the other two groups (P0.05). The activity of catalase in the liver was not significantly different among the groups, and the content of glutathione in the 7-8 cm body of the training group was the highest. The total anti-oxidation ability of the muscle was most obvious in the 6-7cm body-length group, which was significantly higher than that of the non-training group (P0.05). The content of MDA in the remaining three body-length groups of the training group was significantly lower than that of the 4-5 cm body. At the end of the training, a 1-month simulation and flow-out experiment was carried out for each specification of black acanthrene. The results showed that the survival rate of the non-training group was 4-5 cm and 5-6 cm, and the survival rate of the black acanthochromis in the training group was the lowest. The survival rate of the black acanthurus in the 4-5 cm body length group of the non-training group and the training group was 0, the survival rate of the 5-6 cm body-length group was not more than 50%, and the survival rate of the two groups was the highest. In order to ensure a higher survival rate, the proliferation and release of the black acanthochromis species should be more than 7 cm. (4) The effects of the exercise training on the non-specific immune function and the growth parameters of the E. coioides were discussed. The study was carried out in 4 exercise intensity (0 bl/ s, 0.5 bl/ s, 1.0 bl/ s and 2.0 bl/ s) for 8-week training. The results showed that the specific growth rate, weight gain rate and survival rate of the 1.0 bl/ s exercise intensity were significantly higher than that of the oblique-band grouper (P0.05). The activity of total protein, globulin, complement C3 and lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in the serum increased with the increase of the exercise intensity, and the activity of the 1.0 bl/ s group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of albumin and complement C4 in the 1.0 bl/ s group than in the other groups (P0.05). The activity of the catalase and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver increased with the increase of the exercise intensity, and the activity in the 1.0 bl/ s group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P0.05). The 8-week exercise training had a significant effect on the level of HSP70 mRNA expression in the liver. The 1.0-bl/ s group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P0.05). The results showed that the motion intensity of 1.0 bl/ s can increase the growth rate of the juvenile fish, enhance the non-specific immune function of the blood and the anti-oxidation ability of the liver, and increase the expression level of the HSP 70.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S917.4

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