【摘要】：磷是限制作物增產(chǎn)的大量營養(yǎng)元素之一,在磷礦資源有限和磷肥當(dāng)季利用率低的雙重背景下,提高作物對磷素資源的高效利用已成為當(dāng)今農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展亟需解決的重要課題。從植物磷營養(yǎng)性狀入手,開展作物根際土壤磷素動態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化、根系適應(yīng)低磷脅迫的塑性變化以及體內(nèi)磷素轉(zhuǎn)移和再利用的高效機理的系統(tǒng)研究,對于充分挖掘土壤磷庫資源和作物自身磷素利用潛力,提高磷肥利用率具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義。本研究通過土培試驗,以不同磷效率基因型大麥為材料,對其在不同供磷條件下的根際土壤無機磷組分、根系形態(tài)與生理特性、葉片磷組分及酸性磷酸酶活性特征展開了對比研究,闡明了磷高效基因型大麥磷高效吸收和利用的部分生理生化特性。主要研究結(jié)果如下：(1)在極低磷(25mgkg-1)、低磷(50mgkg-1)和正常磷(75mgkg-1)水平下,不同基因型大麥根際土壤有效磷含量均顯著低于非根際土壤,其中磷高效基因型大麥DH110+、DH147的虧缺程度(32.2%-44.5%)大于低效基因型DH49(17.4%-28.1%)。從不同形態(tài)無機磷在土壤中的含量變化來看,正常施磷水平下,各無機磷組分在根際土壤中的虧缺量均無顯著的基因型差異；但在極低磷和低磷水平下,高效基因型大麥根際土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P的虧缺量顯著高于低效基因型,Fe-P在極低磷水平下的高效基因型中顯著虧缺,其含量分別較非根際土壤降低了6.2%-6.3%,Ca10-P、O-P的虧缺量無顯著的基因型差異。表明,高效基因型大麥利用土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P和A1-P能力強于低效基因型,且對活性較低的Fe-P有一定利用能力。(2)不同施磷水平下,磷高效基因型大麥總根長、總根表面積、比根長、側(cè)根長及側(cè)根表面積均顯著高于磷低效基因型,分別為低效基因型的1.46-2.06倍、1.12-1.51倍、1.35-1.72倍、1.69-2.42和1.40-1.78倍,而平均根系直徑為低效基因型的70.6%-90.2%,不定根長、不定根表面積僅在正常供磷條件下差異顯著。其中,總根長、總根表面積各施磷水平下對大麥植株磷素吸收的貢獻較高。隨施磷水平降低側(cè)根長、側(cè)根表面積對大麥植株磷素吸收的貢獻增加,不定根長、不定根表面積對大麥植株磷素吸收的貢獻降低,表明,高基因型大麥在側(cè)根伸展上的優(yōu)勢有利于發(fā)揮其對土壤磷素的探索和吸收。低磷脅迫下,磷高效基因型大麥根系活力顯著高于低效基因型,而其根系酸性磷酸酶活性則顯著低于低效基因型,表明其對低磷脅迫程度的適應(yīng)性更強。(3)低磷脅迫顯著降低了不同基因型大麥下部葉和上部葉中的無機磷含量,但對難溶態(tài)磷含量影響較小。低磷脅迫下,上部葉核酸態(tài)磷含量表現(xiàn)為高效基因型顯著高于低效基因型,而其在下部葉的含量則表現(xiàn)為高效基因型顯著低于低效基因型。低磷脅迫下,下部葉酯磷含量和分配比例表現(xiàn)為高效基因型低于低效基因型,且極低磷水平下,高效基因型下部葉酯磷分配比例(13.4%-17.0%)低于上部葉(19.6%-21.3%),低效基因型不同部位葉片酯磷分配比例差異較小。大麥上部葉酯磷含量受低磷脅迫時僅在低效基因型中有顯著降低,并顯著低于高效基因型。核酸態(tài)磷和酯磷在高效基因型大麥葉片中的含量及分配特征表明其上部葉的磷素營養(yǎng)狀況較優(yōu),同時其下部葉易溶性有機磷的分解轉(zhuǎn)化作用更強。此外,低磷脅迫下,大麥下部葉酸性磷酸酶的活性顯著增加,且高效基因型顯著高于低效基因型,亦表明高效基因型大麥對下部葉酯磷的活化利用能力更強。
[Abstract]:Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrient elements to limit crop yield, and in the dual context of the limited resource of phosphate rock and the low utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer, the efficient utilization of the phosphorus resource of the crops has become an important subject to be solved in the present agricultural development. Based on the nutrient characters of the plant phosphorus, the dynamic transformation of the phosphorus in the rhizosphere of the crop, the plastic change of the root system to the low-phosphorus stress and the high-efficiency mechanism of the transfer and re-utilization of the phosphorus in the plant are studied, And the utilization rate of the phosphate fertilizer is of great practical significance. In this study, a comparative study was conducted on the characteristics of inorganic phosphorus, root morphology and physiological characteristics, phosphorus component and acid phosphatase activity of the rhizosphere soil under different phosphorus supply conditions by soil-culture test with different phosphorus-efficiency genotype barley as the material. Some physiological and biochemical characteristics of high-efficiency absorption and utilization of phosphorus-efficient and high-efficiency genotypes of barley were set forth. The main results are as follows: (1) The effective phosphorus content of the rhizosphere soil of different genotypes of barley is lower than that of non-rhizosphere soil at the level of very low phosphorus (25 mg kg-1), low phosphorus (50 mg kg-1) and normal phosphorus (75 mg kg-1), of which the phosphorus high-efficiency genotype barley DH110 +, The deficiency of DH147 (32.2%-44.5%) was greater than that of the low-efficiency genotype DH49 (17.4%-28.1%). According to the change of the content of the inorganic phosphorus in different forms in the soil, there was no significant difference in the amount of the inorganic phosphorus component in the rhizosphere soil under the normal phosphorus application level, but at the low phosphorus and low phosphorus level, the high-efficiency genotype barley rhizosphere soil Ca 2-P, The loss of Ca8-P and Al-P was significantly higher than that of the low-efficiency genotype. Fe-P was a significant deficit in the high-efficiency genotype at very low phosphorus level. The content of Ca8-P and Al-P decreased by 6.2%-6.3%, Ca10-P and O-P in the non-rhizosphere soil. It is shown that the ability of high-efficient genotype barley to utilize the Ca 2-P, Ca8-P and A1-P in the soil is stronger than that of the low-efficiency genotype, and the Fe-P with lower activity has a certain utilization ability. (2) The total root length, total root surface area, specific root length, lateral root length and lateral root surface area of the high-efficiency genotype of the phosphorus were significantly higher than that of the phosphorus inefficient genotype at different phosphorus application levels, and were 1.46-2.06-fold, 1.12-1.51-fold, 1.35-1.72-fold, 1.69-2.42 and 1.40-1.78-fold, respectively, of the low-efficiency genotypes. The average root diameter was 70.6%-90.2% and the root surface area of the adventitious root was only significant under normal phosphorus supply. The total root surface area and the total root surface area have high contribution to the phosphorus absorption of the barley plant at different phosphorus application levels. the contribution of the lateral root length and the lateral root surface area to the phosphorus absorption of the barley plant is increased with the application of the phosphorus level, the adventitious root length and the adventitious root surface area are reduced to the contribution of the phosphorus absorption of the barley plant, The advantage of high-genotype barley on lateral root extension is to play its role in the exploration and absorption of soil phosphorus. Under the low-phosphorus stress, the root activity of the high-efficient genotype of the barley was significantly higher than that of the low-efficiency genotype, while the activity of the acid phosphatase of the root system was significantly lower than that of the low-efficiency genotype, indicating that it was more adaptive to the degree of low-phosphorus stress. (3) The low-phosphorus stress significantly reduced the content of the inorganic phosphorus in the lower and upper leaves of the barley with different genotypes, but the effect on the content of the insoluble phosphorus was small. Under the low-phosphorus stress, the content of the high-efficiency genotype of the upper leaf was significantly higher than that of the low-efficiency genotype, while the content of the lower leaf was significantly lower than that of the low-efficiency genotype. in that low-phosphorus stress, the phosphorus content and the distribution ratio of the lower leaf ester show that the high-efficiency genotype is lower than the low-efficiency genotype, and the high-efficiency genotype lower leaf ester phosphorus distribution proportion (13.4%-17.0%) is lower than the upper leaf (19.6%-21.3%) at the low phosphorus level, The difference of phosphate-phosphorus distribution in different parts of the low-efficiency genotype was small. When the content of the upper leaf ester of the barley is lower than that of the low-phosphorus stress, only the low-efficiency genotype has a significant reduction, and is obviously lower than the high-efficiency genotype. The content and distribution of the nucleic acid and the phosphate in the high-efficient genotype of the barley leaves indicate that the phosphorus content of the upper leaves is better, and the decomposition and conversion of the soluble organic phosphorus in the lower leaves of the high-efficiency genotype barley leaves is stronger. In addition, under low phosphorus stress, the activity of the acid phosphatase of the lower leaf of the barley was significantly increased, and the high-efficiency genotype was significantly higher than that of the low-efficiency genotype.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S512.3

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