【摘要】：本研究以第一師六團(tuán)8年生蘋(píng)果為試驗(yàn)材料,總結(jié)蘋(píng)果紡錘形改造為主干形的技術(shù),研究了主干形和紡錘形兩種樹(shù)形冠層結(jié)構(gòu)特性、葉片生理特性、光照強(qiáng)度和果實(shí)品質(zhì)間的差異,研究結(jié)果如下:(1)蘋(píng)果紡錘形樹(shù)形改造為主干形主要技術(shù)要點(diǎn):將紡錘形中心干上所有枝條疏除,保留強(qiáng)壯中心干;春季刻芽、涂抹發(fā)枝素促進(jìn)隱芽萌發(fā)抽生新梢;選擇位置適當(dāng)、生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)中庸的50個(gè)枝條,均勻分布在中心干,枝條生長(zhǎng)50cm左右時(shí)摘心,側(cè)芽涂抹發(fā)枝素、刻芽,促發(fā)新梢,形成小主枝;5月底用開(kāi)角器開(kāi)張小主枝角度,開(kāi)張角度100-120°;小主枝隔15cm環(huán)割2-3道,達(dá)到控制樹(shù)冠、促進(jìn)花芽形成的目的。(2)改造后主干形樹(shù)形樹(shù)體冠層結(jié)構(gòu):樹(shù)高3.2m左右,冠幅1.9×1.7m,比紡錘形冠幅縮小56.08%;枝量27-46萬(wàn)/hm2,長(zhǎng)中短枝的比例為52:69:99,中短枝占全樹(shù)枝量的76.36%,比紡錘形提高了25.76%;枝條開(kāi)張角度100-120°,開(kāi)張角度增大了40°,樹(shù)體結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)張,長(zhǎng)中短枝生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均衡都能形成花芽并結(jié)果;枝條均勻分布于中心干,樹(shù)冠結(jié)構(gòu)合理。(3)主干形和紡錘形樹(shù)冠光照強(qiáng)度日變化呈單峰曲線(xiàn),各部位光照強(qiáng)度差異明顯。改造后主干形冠層光照強(qiáng)度上層比中層強(qiáng)了37.51%,中層比下層強(qiáng)了19.07%;樹(shù)冠外部光照強(qiáng)度是內(nèi)部6.70倍。在相同冠層內(nèi),由上至下主干形光照強(qiáng)度分別比紡錘形高了1.71倍、2.17倍、4.39倍,樹(shù)形改造明顯改善了光照環(huán)境,尤其使下部光照條件得到明顯改善。(4)由于光照的改善,進(jìn)一步改善了果實(shí)品質(zhì)。改造后主干形果實(shí)品質(zhì)存在較大差異,主干形果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)高于紡錘形,果實(shí)著色指數(shù)高于紡錘形,單果重283.60g比紡錘形高了14.97%,果實(shí)橫徑比紡錘形高了9.25%;內(nèi)在品質(zhì)差異不顯著。通過(guò)樹(shù)形改造,改善了果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)。(5)改造后主干形蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)量:主干形不同冠層(從上至下)結(jié)果數(shù)量比為40:36:33單株結(jié)果數(shù)量110個(gè)比紡錘形高了25.00%;單株產(chǎn)量31.48kg比紡錘形高了45.00%,單位面積產(chǎn)量3462.76kg/666.7m2,比紡錘形高了44.38%,主干形明顯提高產(chǎn)量,達(dá)到了豐產(chǎn)的效果。綜上所述:主干形的光照分布、果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)都優(yōu)于紡錘形。說(shuō)明通過(guò)樹(shù)形改造達(dá)到了改善光照、果實(shí)品質(zhì)和提高產(chǎn)量的效果,主干形樹(shù)形效果更好,值得推廣。
[Abstract]:In this study, we summarized the technology of apple spindle shape transformation into main shape, studied the structure characteristics of tree canopy and leaf physiological characteristics of two kinds of tree shape, which were the 6th regiment apple of the first division as the experimental material, and summarized the technology of the apple spindle shape transformation into the main shape. The differences between light intensity and fruit quality are as follows: (1) the main technical points of apple spindle tree transformation into main stem are as follows: remove all branches from spindle-shaped center stem and retain strong central stem; Spring bud engraving, smear the hair branch element to promote the hidden bud germination and sprout new shoot; The 50 branches with proper position and moderate growth potential were evenly distributed in the central stem. When the branches were growing 50cm or so, they were taken heart, and the lateral buds were smeared with hairline, carved buds, promoted new shoots, and formed small main branches. At the end of May, the opening angle of the main branch was 100-120 擄. In order to control the crown and promote flower bud formation, the main branch was cut 2-3 channels by 15cm. (2) the canopy structure of the main trunk tree was about 3.2 m in height and 1.9 脳 1.7 m in width, which was 56.08 times smaller than that of the spindle crown. The ratio of short branch to short branch is 52: 69: 99, and the ratio of short branch to whole branch is 76.36%, which is 25.76% higher than that of spindles. The opening angle of branches is 100-120 擄, the opening angle is increased 40 擄, the tree structure is open, and the growth potential of long, medium and short branches can all be balanced to form flower buds and bear fruit. (3) the diurnal variation of the light intensity of the trunk and spindle crown showed a single peak curve, and the light intensity of different parts varied obviously. The light intensity in the upper layer was 37.51 times stronger than that in the middle layer, and 19.07 in the middle layer and 6.70 times in the outer part of the tree crown. In the same canopy, the light intensity of trunk shape from top to bottom was 1.71 times, 2.17 times and 4.39 times higher than that of spindle, respectively. Especially, the light condition of the lower part was improved obviously. (4) the fruit quality was further improved because of the improvement of light. There was great difference in the quality of the main shape fruit after transformation. The appearance quality of the main shape fruit was higher than that of the spindle shape, the fruit coloring index was higher than that of the spindle shape, the fruit weight of 283.60 g was higher than that of the spindle shape, and the diameter of the fruit was 9.25% higher than that of the spindle shape. There was no significant difference in internal quality. The fruit appearance quality was improved by tree shape transformation. (5) the yield of main stem apple: the number of fruit of different canopy (from top to bottom) was 25.00 higher than that of 40:36:33. The yield of 31.48kg per plant was 45.00 higher than that of spindles, and the yield per unit area was 3462.76kg / 666.7m2, which was 44.38% higher than that of spindle-shaped. The trunk shape obviously increased the yield and achieved the effect of high yield. To sum up, the light distribution of trunk shape, fruit yield and quality were superior to spindle shape. The results showed that the effect of improving light, fruit quality and yield was improved by tree shape transformation, and the effect of main tree shape was better, which was worth popularizing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：塔里木大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S661.1

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