【摘要】：鉀是植物生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中所必需的大量營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之一,合理施用鉀肥是保證作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的重要途徑。但我國(guó)可溶性鉀礦資源短缺,尋找合適鉀肥替代措施關(guān)系國(guó)民糧食安全。由難溶性含鉀礦物制成的鉀硅肥對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)起到一定促進(jìn)作用。為探究鉀硅肥替代化學(xué)鉀肥的施用技術(shù),本研究采用盆栽試驗(yàn),研究了水旱輪作模式下不同鉀肥種類,鉀硅肥不同用量,不同形態(tài)鉀肥配比對(duì)油菜-水稻生長(zhǎng),鉀素吸收及鉀肥利用率的影響,明確了鉀硅肥替代鉀肥施用技術(shù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,為探究鉀硅肥中含有的硅、鈣等元素對(duì)土壤鉛、鎘的鈍化效果,進(jìn)一步研究了鉀硅肥及其副產(chǎn)品(硅鈣肥)施用對(duì)重金屬污染土壤上水稻生長(zhǎng)及重金屬吸收的影響,結(jié)合土壤有效態(tài)重金屬含量變化,分析了鉀硅肥及硅鈣肥降低水稻地上部各部位重金屬含量的機(jī)制。為鉀硅肥合理施用及改良重金屬污染土壤提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.在等量鉀肥(K2O)投入的情況下,鉀硅肥施用效果和硫酸鉀施用效果等同,都顯著增加了兩季作物的生物量。與不施鉀處理相比,鉀硅肥處理前、后兩季的作物增產(chǎn)率分別為61.2%和37.8%,粉碎性鉀礦粉對(duì)兩季作物增產(chǎn)效果均不顯著。鉀硅肥施用顯著增加了前季油菜和后季水稻莖稈的鉀素含量,鉀硅肥處理前、后兩季的鉀肥吸收利用率分別為50.7%和26.0%。鉀硅肥施用顯著增加了前季作物種植后土壤鉀素含量。從鉀的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)角度考慮,鉀硅肥可以替代水溶性鉀肥。2.盆栽試驗(yàn)條件下,鉀硅肥的適宜用量為0.15-0.225 g K2O/kg。前季油菜生物量隨著鉀硅肥用量的增加而增加,當(dāng)施肥量達(dá)到2.25 g K2O/盆時(shí),油菜生物量達(dá)到最大值,最大增產(chǎn)率為70.6%,顯著高于其他處理。后季水稻生物量隨著施肥量增加而增加,當(dāng)施肥量為3.00 g K2O/盆時(shí),生物量最大,最大增產(chǎn)率為57.0%。兩季作物種植后,只有當(dāng)施肥量為3.00 g K2O/盆時(shí),偏養(yǎng)分平衡值小于1,此時(shí)土壤鉀素處于盈余狀態(tài)。3.綜合結(jié)果表明,含25%~50%水溶性鉀的鉀硅肥效果較好。不同形態(tài)的鉀肥配比均能顯著提高兩季作物生物量和鉀素積累量。與不施用鉀肥處理相比,25%水溶性鉀的鉀硅肥處理春油菜和水稻的增產(chǎn)率分別為61.5%和50.7%,顯著高于其他處理。含50%水溶性鉀的鉀硅肥處理兩季作物總吸鉀量最高,春油菜和水稻鉀肥吸收利用率分別為58.0%和52.0%,鉀肥真實(shí)利用率分別為98.3%和58.4%。鉀肥施用顯著增加第一季作物種植后土壤速效鉀和緩效鉀含量。4.鉀硅肥的施用顯著降低了水稻地上部各部位鉛、鎘的積累量,且水稻地上部鉛、鎘的積累量隨著鉀硅肥用量的增加而降低。鉀硅肥的施用顯著降低了水稻莖、葉和籽粒中鉛和鎘的積累量,與施用硫酸鉀處理相比,水稻莖、葉和籽粒中鉛和鎘的積累量分別降低了34.2%、49.0%、18.6%和28.2%、42.4%、24.4%,且隨著鉀硅肥用量的增加,水稻地上部各部位鉛鎘的積累量顯著降低,但水稻根部重金屬積累量并無(wú)顯著差異。土壤中有效態(tài)鉛、鎘經(jīng)過(guò)一季水稻種植后均有不同程度降低,鉀硅肥處理和硫酸鉀處理土壤有效鉛、鎘含量并無(wú)明顯差異。鉀硅肥的施用即滿足了水稻對(duì)鉀素的需求,又降低了水稻地上部各部位對(duì)土壤重金屬的吸收。5硅鈣肥施用顯著提高了水稻產(chǎn)量,顯著抑制水稻對(duì)重金屬的吸收與積累。與對(duì)照處理相比,水稻產(chǎn)量增加51.9%;與重金屬處理(M)相比,重金屬+硅鈣肥處理(MF)的水稻莖稈、葉片和籽粒中Pb濃度分別降低了50.9%,56.3%和24.3%,水稻莖稈和籽粒中Cd濃度則分別下降36.1%和60.4%;硅鈣肥施用增加了水稻各部位硅濃度,水稻地上部重金屬濃度減少的原因可能是硅的沉積,各部位硅的濃度和重金屬濃度呈現(xiàn)明顯的負(fù)相關(guān)。水稻種植后,土壤Pb、Cd濃度都有一定程度的降低,硅鈣肥施用未能明顯促進(jìn)土壤重金屬?gòu)乃峥扇軕B(tài)和可還原態(tài)向可氧化態(tài)和殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化。
[Abstract]:Potassium is one of the essential nutrient elements in plant growth process. Rational application of potassium fertilizer is an important way to ensure crop yield and quality. However, China is short of soluble potassium mineral resources and seeking suitable potassium fertilizer substitution measures is related to national food security. In order to explore the application technology of potassium-silicon fertilizer instead of chemical potassium fertilizer, pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of different potassium fertilizer types, different amounts of potassium-silicon fertilizer and different forms of Potassium Fertilizer on rape-rice growth, potassium uptake and potassium utilization efficiency under paddy-dry rotation. In order to study the passivation effect of silicon and calcium in potassium-silicon fertilizer on lead and cadmium in soil, the effects of potassium-silicon fertilizer and its by-products (silicon-calcium fertilizer) on the growth and heavy metal uptake of rice in heavy metal contaminated soil were further studied. The main results are as follows: 1. Under the same amount of potassium fertilizer (K2O), the application effect of potassium silicate fertilizer and potassium sulfate fertilizer were the same, and the biomass of two crops increased significantly. Compared with the treatment without potassium fertilizer, potassium silicate fertilizer increased significantly. Before and after silicon fertilizer treatment, crop yield increased by 61.2% and 37.8% respectively, and the effect of comminuted potassium mineral powder on crop yield was not significant. Potassium and silicon fertilizers can replace water-soluble potassium fertilizers from the point of view of potassium nutrient supply. 2. Under pot experiment conditions, the suitable amount of potassium and silicon fertilizers is 0.15-0.225 g K2O/kg. The biomass of rape in the first season increases with the increase of potassium and silicon fertilizers. When the amount of potassium and silicon fertilizers reaches 2.25 g K2O/pot, the rape is raw. The biomass of rice in the later season increased with the increase of fertilizer application. When the fertilizer application rate was 3.00 g K2O/pot, the biomass was the largest, and the maximum yield was 57.0%. After two cropping seasons, the partial nutrient balance was less than 1 only when the fertilizer application rate was 3.00 g K2O/pot. The results showed that potassium and silicon fertilizers containing 25% ~ 50% water-soluble potassium had a better effect. The biomass and potassium accumulation of two crops could be significantly increased by different forms of potassium fertilizer. Potassium and silicon fertilizers containing 50% water-soluble potassium had the highest total potassium uptake by crops in the two seasons. The potassium uptake and utilization rates of spring rape and rice were 58.0% and 52.0% respectively. The true utilization rates of potassium fertilizer were 98.3% and 58.4% respectively. The accumulation of lead and cadmium in the shoots of rice decreased with the increase of potassium and silicon fertilizer. The accumulation of lead and cadmium in the stems, leaves and grains of rice decreased significantly with the application of potassium and silicon fertilizer. With the increase of potassium and silicon fertilizer, the accumulation of lead and cadmium in the above-ground parts of rice decreased significantly, but the accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of rice had no significant difference. There was no significant difference in available lead and cadmium contents in the soil. Compared with the treatment of heavy metal (M), the Pb concentration in rice stems, leaves and grains decreased by 50.9%, 56.3% and 24.3% respectively, while the Cd concentration in rice stems and grains decreased by 36.1% and 60.4% respectively. After rice planting, the concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil decreased to a certain extent, and the application of Si-Ca fertilizer could not significantly promote the transformation of heavy metals from acid-soluble and reducible to oxidizable and residual state.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S143;S511

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