【摘要】：地被植物由于其自身獨特的優(yōu)勢被廣泛應(yīng)用于生態(tài)建設(shè)、景觀設(shè)計以及城市綠化當(dāng)中。地處中國東北平原腹地的長春市,典型的溫帶大陸性氣候為長春市帶來了豐富的地被植物資源,隨著這幾年的發(fā)展,地被植物在長春隨處可見。本文通過對長春市五個公園(長春公園、動植物公園、兒童公園、南湖公園、雕塑公園)地被植物進(jìn)行實地調(diào)查,并對五個公園的地被植物進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的統(tǒng)計分析,分析長春市五個公園地被植物的科屬種、應(yīng)用形式、應(yīng)用地點、配置、觀賞性、生長類型、應(yīng)用頻度等情況,對長春市公園地被植物的應(yīng)用作出評價,具體研究結(jié)果如下:1.對長春市長春市五個公園中地被植物物種組成進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),形成地面覆蓋效果和高度在1 m以下的植物共有31科63屬80種,總體看來植物多種多樣,但具體到每個公園的應(yīng)用種類并不多,長春公園相較其他公園的植物種類最多,也僅有27種,以植物為主題的動植物公園僅有23種,植物應(yīng)用種類的缺乏有悖與園林的美學(xué)理論和植物造景理論。2.通過對長春5個公園可越冬地被植物物種組成的調(diào)查分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)長春市園林中現(xiàn)有常見可越冬地被植物共有22科37屬46種。雖然可越冬地被植物總數(shù)較多,但是分到每個公園中的種類較少,最多的動植物公園也僅有9科12屬17種;植物類型上,35種是草本植物,占總數(shù)的78.3%,藤本、低矮木本以及蕨類植物應(yīng)用太少,分別占總數(shù)的6.5%、8.7%、4.3%,植被的單一造成公園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定,不利于公園景觀的造景,還會增加公園的養(yǎng)護(hù)成本。3.對長春市五個公園地被植物和可越冬地被植物的生態(tài)指數(shù)分析可知,長春市五個公園植物的表現(xiàn)為豐富度和均勻度水平整體較低,奇異度較高,存在地被植物設(shè)置不合理的問題,公園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)容易遭到破壞。相比較而言,動植物公園植物的設(shè)置比其他4個公園更為合理,動植物公園的植物種群豐富度最高,而且分布較均勻,奇異度較低,生態(tài)較為平衡。4.通過對長春市五個公園中可越冬地被植物物種來源、應(yīng)用頻度的調(diào)查分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然本土植物有32種,占一定優(yōu)勢,但是外來植物也有很多,占到總數(shù)的30.4%,可以看出,長春市五個公園對本土植物的應(yīng)用種類太少,還應(yīng)加大對本土植物的開發(fā)力度;在應(yīng)用頻率方面,應(yīng)用頻率在80%以上的僅有3種,應(yīng)用頻率在40%-60%之間的有13種,應(yīng)用頻率在20%以下的有30種,高頻率和中間頻率植物較少,低頻度植物最多,造成許多優(yōu)良種源的浪費,合理的設(shè)置應(yīng)該是中間型植物占優(yōu)勢。5.從可越冬地被植物數(shù)量特征研究中可以看出,可越冬地被植物的覆蓋面積較少,占樣地面積的30%左右,五個公園相較而言,兒童公園最少,只占樣地面積的29.2%,這種現(xiàn)象對公園環(huán)境的生態(tài)平衡極其不利,與景觀設(shè)計理念也不相符。長春市五個公園中應(yīng)用的可越冬地被植物中,草本型地被植物占主導(dǎo)地位,主要有紫萼玉簪、金娃娃萱草、鈴蘭、溪蓀鳶尾、馬藺、車軸草等,落新婦、卷丹等16種植物只是在一個或者兩個公園中種植,還沒有廣泛應(yīng)用開來,這些植物應(yīng)在往后的應(yīng)用中加以重視。6.從可越冬地被植物應(yīng)用面積研究中可以看出,金娃娃萱草和紫萼玉簪在各個公園都是被大量應(yīng)用,在長春市五個公園中地被植物應(yīng)用的總數(shù)上占優(yōu)勢,應(yīng)用面積在50 m2以上,而且各自公園中也占有絕對優(yōu)勢,可以看出,長春市的公園可越冬地被植物綠化中綠色系的構(gòu)建主要是依靠金娃娃萱草、紫萼玉簪等類植物。這在造景和生態(tài)理論上是極不合理的,應(yīng)該是多種植物組合應(yīng)用,滿足生態(tài)平衡穩(wěn)定的要求。7.在對長春五個公園可越冬地被植物的觀賞調(diào)查研究時發(fā)現(xiàn),長春五個公園綠地應(yīng)用的觀葉可越冬地被植物較少,雕塑公園最多也只有7種,長春公園僅有1種,除紫葉小檗是紅色系觀葉類植物外,其余9種均為綠色系。這不僅造成景觀上的單調(diào),公園的生態(tài)脆弱,尤其在漫長的冬季,地被這一層的缺失更是影響公園的景觀效果。再加上觀花類植物的花期都集中在4月到10月之間,從12月到3月沒有觀花類可越冬地被植物的開花,造成在這一時間段公園色彩單調(diào),整體不合理。從而影響公園的整體美觀設(shè)計,造成公園景觀的季節(jié)性枯萎,不符合公園景觀的美學(xué)理念,應(yīng)該加一些常綠地被植物,例如:沙地柏、鋪地柏。8.對長春市五個公園中可越冬地被植物的應(yīng)用方式調(diào)查分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在長春市的五個公園中,均大量運用模紋進(jìn)行造景,如紫萼玉簪、金娃娃萱草,幾乎每塊綠地都運用它們,這種做法造成公園景觀比較單一,缺少變化和新意;生物群落極不穩(wěn)定,極易感染病蟲害,對養(yǎng)護(hù)的技術(shù)要求也比較高。長春市公園對可越冬地被植物應(yīng)用的配置方式多樣,但是在立體景觀構(gòu)造時,下層植被缺乏嚴(yán)重,大大的破壞了園林美感,而且還缺少一些園林小品的點綴,顯得比較孤立,構(gòu)景單一。
[Abstract]:Ground cover plants are widely used in ecological construction, landscape design and urban greening because of their unique advantages. Located in the hinterland of Northeast Plain of China, Changchun City, a typical temperate continental climate has brought abundant ground cover plant resources for Changchun City. With the development of these years, ground cover plants can be seen everywhere in Changchun. The ground cover plants of five parks (Changchun Park, Animal and Plant Park, Children's Park, Nanhu Park, Sculpture Park) in Changchun City were investigated on the spot, and the ground cover plants of five parks were analyzed in detail. The family, species, application forms, application sites, arrangement, ornamental and growth types of ground cover plants in five parks in Changchun City were analyzed. The results are as follows: 1. Investigation and Study on the species composition of ground cover plants in five parks of Changchun City showed that 80 species of plants belonging to 31 families, 63 genera and less than 1 m in height formed the ground cover effect. Overall, there were various plants. There are only 27 kinds of plants in Changchun Park compared with other parks. There are only 23 kinds of animal and plant parks with plants as the theme. The lack of plant application is contrary to the aesthetic theory and plant landscaping theory of gardens. The results showed that there were 46 species, 37 genera, 22 families in Changchun gardens. Although the total number of overwintering ground cover plants was more, the species in each park were less, and the largest number of animal and plant parks were only 9 families, 12 genera and 17 species. In plant types, 35 species were herbaceous plants, accounting for 78.3% of the total, vines, and low. The application of dwarf woods and ferns is too little, accounting for 6.5%, 8.7%, 4.3% of the total, respectively. The single vegetation causes the instability of the park ecosystem, which is not conducive to the landscape design of the park, but also increases the maintenance cost of the park. 3. The ecological index analysis of the five parks in Changchun and the overwintering ground cover plants shows that the five public parks in Changchun City are not stable. Compared with the other four parks, the setting of plants in animal and plant parks is more reasonable, and the plant population richness in animal and plant parks is the highest, and the distribution is more uniform. Uniformly, the singularity is low, the ecology is relatively balanced. 4. Through the investigation and analysis of the species sources and application frequency of overwintering ground cover plants in five parks of Changchun City, it is found that although there are 32 native plants, which occupy a certain advantage, there are also many exotic plants, accounting for 30.4% of the total. It can be seen that the five parks of Changchun City are applied to native plants. In the aspect of application frequency, there are only 3 species with application frequency above 80%, 13 species with application frequency between 40% and 60%, 30 species with application frequency below 20%, fewer plants with high frequency and intermediate frequency, and most plants with low frequency, resulting in waste of many excellent provenances and reasonable settings. From the study of the quantitative characteristics of overwinterable ground cover plants, we can see that the overwinterable ground cover plants cover less area, accounting for about 30% of the sample area. Compared with the five parks, children's parks are the least, accounting for only 29.2% of the sample area. This phenomenon is extremely unfavorable to the ecological balance of the park environment, and the landscape. In the five parks in Changchun, herbaceous ground cover plants dominate, mainly purple calyx hairpin, Golden Doll hemerocallis, Lily orchid, Xisun Iris, horses, axillaria, etc. 16 plants are planted in one or two parks, but not widely used. From the study of overwinterable ground cover plant application area, we can see that the Golden Doll Hemerocallis and purple calyx hairpin are widely used in various parks. In the five parks in Changchun City, ground cover plant application area is more than 50 m2, and each park also has its own park. It can be seen from the absolute superiority that the construction of green system in Changchun's Park overwintering ground cover plant greening mainly relies on such plants as Golden Doll Hemerocallis and purple calyx hairpin. This is extremely unreasonable in landscaping and ecological theory, and should be a combination of multiple plants to meet the requirements of ecological balance and stability. 7. The ornamental investigation and study of winterable ground cover plants showed that there were fewer ground cover plants in the five parks in Changchun, and only 7 species in the sculpture parks, and only 1 species in Changchun. Except Berberis amurensis, the other 9 species were all green. Weak, especially in the long winter, the lack of ground cover layer is affecting the park's landscape effect. In addition, the flowering period of flowering plants are concentrated between April and October, from December to March, no flowering plants can overwinter ground cover plants flowering, resulting in the park in this period of monotonous color, the overall unreasonable. Beautiful design, resulting in seasonal wilt of the park landscape, does not conform to the aesthetic concept of the park landscape, should add some evergreen green vegetation, such as: sandy cypress, paved cypress. For example, purple calyx hairpin and Golden Doll Hemerocallis are used in almost every green space, which makes the park landscape relatively simple, lack of change and novelty; the biological community is extremely unstable, susceptible to diseases and insect pests, and the technical requirements for conservation are relatively high. Changchun Park has a variety of configurations for overwintering plants, but in three-dimensional. In landscape structure, the lack of vegetation in the lower layer seriously damages the aesthetic sense of the garden, and also lacks some ornaments of garden sketches, which makes the landscape more isolated and single.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S688.4

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