【摘要】：黑土區(qū)已經(jīng)成為國家重要的商品糧生產(chǎn)基地。但是,多年由于人們重用輕養(yǎng)、掠奪式經(jīng)營,加之不合理的耕作、施肥制度造成黑土農(nóng)田出現(xiàn)嚴重的退化現(xiàn)象,從而導致土壤系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)力降低。針對黑土肥力退化機理,本研究采用田間試驗和室內分析相結合的研究方法,重點研究了不同種植模式下土壤肥力的變異規(guī)律,及其對玉米生長發(fā)育的影響,并據(jù)此提出了適合黑土區(qū)玉米可持續(xù)耕作模式。取得的研究成果概要如下:1.研究表明,二比空結合秸稈覆蓋種植模式能有效減少地表蒸發(fā)和地表徑流帶來的水分損失,保證0-20cm土層土壤含水量,為玉米生長發(fā)育提供了充足的水分;在水分改善的同時,有效地減輕了風蝕作用,有利于土壤耕層結構的改善,二比空結合秸稈覆蓋可以調節(jié)土壤三相比接近理想狀態(tài)(即2:1:1)。2.二比空結合秸稈覆蓋種植模式,能夠有效提升0-20cm土層土壤氮磷鉀含量和有機質含量,而且對20-30cm土層土壤養(yǎng)分的提升也有效果,這不僅能夠滿足當季作物生長發(fā)育所需,還能起到土壤培肥的效果。3.不同種植模式下玉米株高、莖粗、凈光合速率和產(chǎn)量由高到低的順序均為:二比空秸稈全還田二比空根茬還田大壟雙行均勻壟。說明二比空結合秸稈覆蓋種植能夠有效促進玉米的生長發(fā)育。4.4種種植模式連續(xù)種植兩年,均勻壟和大壟雙行種植模式使得0-20cm土層土壤含水量、氮磷鉀含量和有機質含量呈現(xiàn)逐年下降趨勢,土壤容重上升,進而影響玉米生長發(fā)育,造成玉米減產(chǎn)。而二比空根茬還田和二比空秸稈全還田種植模式使得0-20cm土層土壤容含水量、氮磷鉀含量和有機質含量呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,土壤容重下降,進而促進玉米生長發(fā)育,使玉米增產(chǎn),起到了改良土壤的功效。整體的優(yōu)良性表現(xiàn)二比空秸稈全還田二比空根茬還田大壟雙行均勻壟。
[Abstract]:Black soil area has become an important commodity grain production base. However, for many years, due to people reusing light farming, predatory management, and unreasonable farming, fertilization system caused a serious degradation of black soil farmland, which led to the decline of soil system productivity. In view of the degradation mechanism of black soil fertility, the variation law of soil fertility under different planting patterns and its effect on maize growth and development were studied by field experiment and indoor analysis. Based on this, the sustainable cultivation model of maize in black soil area was put forward. The results of the research are summarized below: 1. The results show that the two-ratio air and straw mulching can effectively reduce the water loss caused by surface evaporation and surface runoff, ensure the soil moisture content of 0-20cm soil, and provide sufficient water for maize growth and development. The effect of wind erosion was reduced effectively, and the structure of soil tillage layer was improved. The combination of two ratio and air and straw mulch could adjust the close to ideal state (2:1:1). Combined with straw mulching and planting mode, 0-20cm soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and organic matter content can be effectively increased, but also to enhance soil nutrients in 20-30cm soil layer, which can not only meet the needs of crop growth and development in the current season. Can also play the effect of soil fertility. 3. The order of plant height, stem diameter, net photosynthetic rate and yield from high to low under different planting modes was as follows: the whole field with two ratio empty straw was returned to the whole field, and the row ridge of big ridge was equal to that of stubble. The results showed that two-space planting combined with straw mulching could effectively promote the growth and development of maize. 4. 4 cropping patterns could be planted continuously for two years, and the double row planting pattern of uniform ridge and big ridge could make soil moisture content in 0-20cm soil layer. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter decreased year by year, and the bulk density of soil increased, which affected the growth and development of maize and resulted in the decrease of yield of maize. However, the soil water content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and organic matter content in soil layer of 0-20cm increased, and the bulk density of soil decreased, which promoted the growth and development of maize and increased the yield of maize. It has the effect of improving the soil. The overall fine performance showed that the two ratio empty straw was completely returned to the field and the second was to return the big ridge to the big ridge with uniform row ridge.
【學位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513

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