【摘要】：我國面臨的水資源缺乏的問題日益突出,山西省地處黃土高原東部,是全國水資源最為匱乏的省份之一。滴灌技術(shù)是一種現(xiàn)代化的節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),與噴灌相比水分利用效率提高了30%-40%,比傳統(tǒng)灌溉相比水分利用效率提高了70%-80%。SH矮砧是山西省農(nóng)科院果樹所選育出的適應(yīng)我國自然條件的蘋果矮化砧木。蘋果生產(chǎn)對滴灌上、下限的要求,因樹種、樹齡、當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驙顩r和土壤結(jié)構(gòu)等因素而發(fā)生改變,研究確定SH矮砧蘋果幼樹滴灌條件下適宜的灌水上限及需水特性,將有利于制定合理的灌溉制度,有助于滴灌在黃土高原干旱半干旱地區(qū)SH蘋果園的進(jìn)一步推廣。本論文設(shè)置滴灌條件下以60%田間持水量為灌水下限,分別設(shè)置不同的灌水上限70%(T1)、80%(T2)、90%(T3)、100%田間持水量(T4),以及設(shè)置對照試驗地面灌溉,對SH矮砧蘋果幼樹2016年4—10月土壤含水率、棵間蒸發(fā)量、莖流速率、清晨葉片水勢、新梢生長量、樹干直徑、葉片光合特性、葉片水分利用效率數(shù)據(jù)測定以及對氣象要素數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析整理。通過試驗數(shù)據(jù)分析了滴灌條件下土壤水分分布特征、運用莖流計-微型蒸滲儀法和水量平衡法對比計算得出了SH矮砧蘋果樹的需水特性、得出了各項生理指標(biāo)的變化特性及影響因素、基于主成分分析法綜合確定得出適宜SH矮砧蘋果幼樹的灌水上限。得出以下主要結(jié)論:1、滴灌條件下SH矮砧蘋果幼樹土壤水分分布特征研究(1)滴灌條件下不同灌水上限各處理計劃濕潤層土壤平均體積含水率均在試驗設(shè)置的上下限范圍內(nèi)波動,總體來說隨著灌水上限的增大,土壤含水率達(dá)到灌水下限的時間就越長,灌水次數(shù)也就越少。(2)不同灌水上限土壤水分增量在垂向及徑向上的分布特征基本一致,土壤含水率增量在垂向及徑向的變化符合指數(shù)函數(shù),土壤含水率增量與土層深度、徑向距離呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。不同灌水上限土壤水分二維分布特征為:以滴灌管滴頭為中心,向四周逐漸減小。灌水上限越大,同一位置處水分增量越大,土壤水分的垂向、徑向推進(jìn)距離越遠(yuǎn)。2、滴灌條件下SH矮砧蘋果幼樹需水特性研究由莖流計-微型蒸滲儀法和水量平衡法計算得到全生育期蘋果幼樹需水特性大小關(guān)系基本一致,需水量總量大小關(guān)系T1T2T3T4CK,由此計算得到蘋果樹全生育期日需水強(qiáng)度T1T2T3T4CK,計算結(jié)果表明隨著灌水上限的升高,蘋果樹的需水總量逐漸增大,各處理不同月份需水模數(shù)基本上呈現(xiàn)7月8月6月5月9月4月10月的趨勢。兩種方法計算結(jié)果日需水強(qiáng)度平均相對誤差相對較小,所以兩種方法均可為計算試驗地果樹全生育期需水量與日均需水強(qiáng)度提供指導(dǎo)和幫助。3、滴灌條件下SH矮砧蘋果幼樹生理指標(biāo)響應(yīng)研究(1)不同灌水上限滴灌處理與地面灌溉處理清晨葉片水勢的變化趨勢基本一致,在不同時段,全生育期清晨葉片水勢平均值T4T3CKT2T1,不同處理之間差異達(dá)到了顯著水平(P0.05),表明不同的灌水上限對清晨葉片水勢的影響顯著。(2)不同灌水上限滴灌處理新梢生長量、樹干直徑指標(biāo)變化趨勢基本一致,隨著時間的延續(xù)逐漸變大。綜合對比分析五種處理水平,5~10月份新梢累計增長量CKT3T4T2T1,樹干直徑累計增長量總體趨勢表現(xiàn)為T3T4CKT2T1,新梢生長量、樹干直徑指標(biāo)不同處理之間差異達(dá)到了顯著水平(P0.05)。(3)不同滴灌處理蘋果樹新梢生長量、樹干直徑基本都符合Logistic方程,各個處理與Logistic方程擬合程度優(yōu)良。模型預(yù)測值與實測值之間有一定的差距,但誤差均較小,說明模型準(zhǔn)確性較高,可以很好的預(yù)測果樹的生長動態(tài)。Logistic生長模型可以很好的預(yù)測果樹的新梢生長長度及樹干直徑大小以及它們的生長變化趨勢。(4)不同灌水上限條件下葉片光合特性指標(biāo)葉片凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導(dǎo)度(Cond)、蒸騰速率(Tr)、胞間CO2濃度(Ci)、葉片水分利用效率(WUE)變化趨勢類似。將試驗期內(nèi)各處理光合特性4項指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,得出:蘋果樹Pn與Ci呈現(xiàn)極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系;Cond與Ci和Tr呈現(xiàn)極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系;Ci與Tr呈現(xiàn)極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。不同處理間葉片Pn差異顯著,綜合比較5種處理水平,90%田持的灌水上限WUE最高。4、基于主成分分析法確定SH矮砧蘋果幼樹的適宜灌水上限基于主成分分析方法提取得到3個主成分因子,分別表征果樹的新梢生長狀況與光合特性指標(biāo)、果樹的土壤水分指標(biāo)、果樹的樹干直徑生長指標(biāo)。綜合主成分得分排名T3T4CKT2T1。說明綜合考慮了果樹的清晨葉片水勢、生長狀況、光合特性指標(biāo)以及水分利用效率之后,在當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂驐l件下,綜合比較5種處理水平,T3處理對試驗區(qū)SH矮砧蘋果幼樹生長最為有利。故得出:在試驗區(qū)內(nèi),滴灌條件下,當(dāng)灌水下限為60%田間持水率時,灌水上限為90%田間持水率更適宜試驗區(qū)SH矮砧蘋果幼樹的生長。
[Abstract]:Shanxi Province is located in the eastern part of the Loess Plateau. Drip irrigation is a modern water-saving irrigation technology. Compared with sprinkler irrigation, water use efficiency is increased by 30% - 40%, 70% - 80% higher than traditional irrigation. The Apple Dwarf rootstock selected by the fruit tree of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences is adapted to the natural conditions of our country.The requirement of apple production on the upper and lower limit of drip irrigation will be changed because of the tree species, tree age, local climate and soil structure. In this paper, under the condition of drip irrigation, the field water holding capacity of 60% was set as the irrigation water limit, and the different irrigation water limits of 70% (T1), 80% (T2), 90% (T3), 100% field water holding capacity (T4) were set respectively. Soil water content, inter-tree evaporation, stem flow rate, early morning leaf water potential, shoot growth, trunk diameter, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, leaf water use efficiency and meteorological data of young apple trees with SH dwarf rootstock from April to October 2016 were analyzed. The water requirement characteristics of SH dwarf rootstock apple trees were obtained by comparing and calculating the water requirement characteristics of SH dwarf rootstock apple trees with the stem flow meter-micro-infiltration meter method and the water balance method. Variation characteristics and influencing factors of physiological indexes were obtained. Based on the principal component analysis method, the suitable irrigation water limit of SH dwarf apple young trees was determined. Distribution characteristics of soil moisture in young apple trees under drip irrigation (1) Average volumetric water content of moist soil fluctuated within the upper and lower limits set by the experiment under different irrigation water caps. Generally speaking, with the increase of irrigation water caps, the longer the soil water content reached the irrigation water limit and the fewer irrigation times. The vertical and radial distributions of soil moisture increments in different irrigation water caps were basically consistent with those in the same irrigation water cap, and the vertical and radial variations of soil moisture increments were in accordance with exponential functions, and the soil moisture increments were negatively correlated with soil depth and radial distance. The larger the irrigation water limit, the greater the water increment at the same location, the farther the vertical and radial advance distance of soil moisture. 2. The water requirement characteristics of young apple trees with SH dwarf rootstock under drip irrigation were calculated by stem flow meter-micro-osmosis meter and water balance method, and the relationship between the water requirement characteristics of young apple trees during the whole growth period was basically the same. The daily water requirement intensity of apple trees during the whole growth period was calculated. The results showed that the total water requirement of apple trees increased gradually with the increase of irrigation water limit, and the water requirement modulus of different months showed the trend of July, June, May, September and October. The average relative error of daily water requirement intensity is relatively small, so the two methods can provide guidance and help for calculating the water requirement and daily water requirement intensity of fruit trees in the whole growth period. 3. Response of physiological indexes of young apple trees on SH dwarf rootstock under drip irrigation condition (1) Change of leaf water potential under different irrigation water limit drip irrigation treatment and surface irrigation treatment in the early morning The average leaf water potential T4T3CKT2T1 in the early morning of the whole growth period reached a significant level (P 0.05), indicating that different irrigation water limits had a significant effect on leaf water potential in the early morning. (2) The growth of new shoots and the change trend of trunk diameter index were basically the same under different irrigation water limits. Comparing and analyzing the five treatments, the cumulative increment of new shoot CKT3T4T2T1 and trunk diameter of apple trees from May to October showed a general trend of T3T4CKT2T1. The difference of new shoot growth and trunk diameter between different treatments reached a significant level (P 0.05). The length and diameter of tree trunk accorded with Logistic equation basically, and each treatment fitted well with Logistic equation. There was a certain gap between the predicted value and the measured value, but the error was small, indicating that the model had high accuracy and could well predict the growth dynamics of fruit trees. (4) Under different irrigation water limitations, the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE), were similar. Correlation analysis showed that: apple tree Pn and CI showed very significant negative correlation; Cond and CI and Tr showed very significant positive correlation; Ci and Tr showed very significant positive correlation. Based on the principal component analysis method, three principal component factors were extracted to characterize the growth of shoots and photosynthetic characteristics of fruit trees, soil moisture index of fruit trees, and diameter growth index of fruit trees. After comparing the growth status, photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency under local climate conditions, T3 treatment was the most favorable for the growth of young trees of SH dwarf rootstock apples in the experimental area. The growth of SH Dwarf Rootstocks and apple saplings in the trial area.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S661.1

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