【摘要】：棉蚜是一種廣泛分布的多食性害蟲,并具有多種寄主生物型。近年枸杞作為溫性荒漠區(qū)適宜栽培的藥用經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,在西北地區(qū)廣泛種植,然而棉蚜嚴(yán)重危害枸杞寄主植物,造成枸杞產(chǎn)量與質(zhì)量下降。在國內(nèi)棉蚜已明確對(duì)黃瓜棉花寄主喜好,被確定為寄主生物型,例如黃瓜型、棉花型、石榴型。那么,棉蚜對(duì)枸杞寄主的適應(yīng)性如何呢?研究采用形態(tài)學(xué)測定、寄主轉(zhuǎn)接試驗(yàn)、微衛(wèi)星分子標(biāo)記技術(shù)等一系列方法,從微觀水平至宏觀水平,研究枸杞寄主上棉蚜的形態(tài)指標(biāo)、生命表參數(shù)、遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)等方面同黃瓜型、棉花型棉蚜的差異,以期探討棉蚜是否形成了新的寄主生物型。研究結(jié)果如下:1形態(tài)測量結(jié)果,經(jīng)典則分析結(jié)果可知,不同寄主上的棉蚜在形態(tài)特征上存在明顯差異,可以劃分為枸杞棉蚜、黃瓜棉蚜和棉花棉蚜三大類群。諾木洪枸杞棉蚜頭寬指標(biāo)大于新疆精河枸杞棉蚜,口針小于新疆精河枸杞棉蚜。2不同寄主棉蚜種群生命表研究結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)育歷期除了L2-L3齡期,枸杞棉蚜各蟲態(tài)的發(fā)育歷期均大于黃瓜和棉花寄主上的棉蚜。說明枸杞棉蚜若蟲期發(fā)育較黃瓜、棉花緩慢。枸杞棉蚜生命表參數(shù)值顯著低于黃瓜棉蚜生命表參數(shù)值,與棉花棉蚜生命表參數(shù)差異不明顯。青海諾木洪枸杞棉蚜種群內(nèi)稟增長率顯著低于新疆精河種群。3寄主轉(zhuǎn)接試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,枸杞、黃瓜、棉花棉蚜不能互相轉(zhuǎn)接,但都能夠利用馬鈴薯、豇豆和西葫蘆,而且枸杞棉蚜對(duì)馬鈴薯的適應(yīng)性比黃瓜、棉花棉蚜更強(qiáng);而黃瓜棉蚜對(duì)西葫蘆的利用能力比枸杞、棉花棉蚜強(qiáng);棉花棉蚜對(duì)豇豆的適應(yīng)性較枸杞、黃瓜棉蚜強(qiáng)。4不同寄主、地理區(qū)中枸杞棉蚜種群的遺傳分化存在一定的差異。枸杞能夠單獨(dú)的聚類為一個(gè)分支,棉花黃瓜聚類到另一個(gè)分支。青海的所有采樣點(diǎn)能從19個(gè)枸杞棉蚜種群中單獨(dú)聚為一支,剩余來自寧夏、甘肅、新疆的枸杞棉蚜種群聚為一支。5從形態(tài)測量中,典則分析能夠顯著有效的將枸杞棉蚜從黃瓜型棉花型棉蚜區(qū)分開;從寄主轉(zhuǎn)換中,得出枸杞棉蚜不能成功利用黃瓜與棉花寄主,黃瓜型棉花型棉蚜也得出一致結(jié)果;從遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)聚類分析中,看出枸杞棉蚜單獨(dú)聚為一類。綜合這3個(gè)方面的研究結(jié)果,明確了棉蚜對(duì)枸杞寄主具有了適應(yīng)性特征,枸杞寄主上的棉蚜已經(jīng)形成一種新的寄主生物型,即枸杞生物型。
[Abstract]:APHIS gossypii is a widely distributed polyeating pest, and has a variety of host biological types. In recent years, Lycium barbarum, as a suitable economic crop for cultivation in temperate desert areas, is widely planted in northwest China. However, cotton aphid seriously harms the host plants of Lycium barbarum, resulting in the decrease of yield and quality of Lycium barbarum. Cotton aphid has been identified as host biological type, such as cucumber type, cotton type and pomegranate type. So what is the adaptability of cotton aphid to the host of Lycium barbarum? A series of methods, such as morphological determination, host transfer test and microsatellite molecular marker technique, were used to study the morphological index, life surface parameters and genetic structure of cotton aphid on Lycium barbarum host from micro level to macro level. The difference between cotton aphids and cotton aphids in order to find out whether the cotton aphids have formed new host biotypes. The results are as follows: 1. The results of classical analysis show that there are obvious differences in morphological characteristics of cotton aphids on different hosts, which can be divided into three groups: Lycium barbarum cotton aphid, cucumber cotton aphid and cotton aphid. The index of head width of Lycium barbarum cotton aphid was larger than that of Xinjiang Jinghe medlar cotton aphid, and the oral needle was smaller than that of Xinjiang Jinghe Lycium barbarum cotton aphid. The developmental periods of cotton aphids of Lycium barbarum were higher than that of cotton aphids on cucumber and cotton hosts. The results showed that the nymphal development of Lycium barbarum cotton aphid was slower than that of cucumber. The life surface parameters of Lycium barbarum cotton aphid was significantly lower than that of cucumber aphid, but there was no significant difference between Lycium barbarum and cotton aphid. The intrinsic growth rate of Lycium barbarum cotton aphid in Qinghai was significantly lower than that in Jinhe population of Xinjiang. The results showed that Lycium barbarum, cucumber and cotton aphid could not be transferred to each other, but could use potato, cowpea and zucchini. The adaptability of cotton aphid to potato was stronger than that of cucumber and cotton aphid, and the utilization ability of cucumber cotton aphid was stronger than that of Lycium barbarum and cotton aphid, and the adaptability of cotton aphid to cowpea was stronger than that of Lycium barbarum and cotton aphid of cucumber. There are some differences in genetic differentiation of Lycium barbarum cotton aphid population in geographical area. Lycium barbarum can be clustered separately into one branch and cotton cucumber into another branch. All the sampling sites in Qinghai can be clustered into one branch from 19 Chinese wolfberry cotton aphid populations, and the rest from Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang can be clustered into a group of 5. 5 aphid species from Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang. The canonical analysis can distinguish Lycium barbarum cotton aphids from cucumber cotton aphids, and from the host transformation, it can be concluded that Lycium barbarum cotton aphids can not use cucumber and cotton hosts successfully, and cucumber cotton aphid can also get consistent results. From the cluster analysis of genetic structure, it was found that the cotton aphid of Lycium barbarum was a single group. According to the results of these three aspects, it is clear that the cotton aphid has adaptability to Lycium barbarum, and the cotton aphid on the host of Lycium barbarum has formed a new host biological type, I. e., Lycium barbarum biotype.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：青海大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S435.671

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