【摘要】：任何一個(gè)生物的生存和繁衍與其周邊環(huán)境息息相關(guān)。遺傳多樣性是物種在一定生境中不斷適應(yīng)環(huán)境的結(jié)果。塔里木馬鹿是國(guó)家Ⅱ級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物。近年來(lái),隨著人類對(duì)自然系統(tǒng)的干擾日益增加,塔里木馬鹿適宜的棲息地環(huán)境不斷喪失,退化和片段化,給處于瀕危狀態(tài)的野生塔里木馬鹿的生存帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的威脅。因此,本試驗(yàn)以線粒體DNA Cytb基因作為分子標(biāo)志,首先對(duì)塔里木馬的遺傳多樣性進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),然后為了確定影響塔里木馬鹿遺傳多樣性的主導(dǎo)環(huán)境因子運(yùn)用SPSS19.0和生態(tài)學(xué)軟件canoco4.5對(duì)生存在不同生境的塔里木馬鹿和天山馬鹿進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的比較研究,進(jìn)一步探討塔里木馬鹿遺傳多樣性與環(huán)境因子之間的關(guān)系,為塔里木馬鹿的保護(hù)與管理提供科學(xué)性依據(jù)。結(jié)果如下:遺傳多樣性結(jié)果顯示,成功擴(kuò)增的30條塔里木馬鹿mtDNA Cytb基因序列中各堿基含量分別是T 29.3%,C 27.3%,G 13.4%,A 30.1%,A+T(59.4%)含量高于C+G(40.6%)含量,表現(xiàn)出堿基偏差性。三個(gè)地理種群的單倍型多樣度和核苷酸多樣度為:沙雅種群(0.911,0.01645),且末種群(0.363,0.00501),尉犁種群(0.664,0.00852)其中最高的是沙雅種群,最低是且末種群�；蛄�:尉犁與且末種群之間Nm=0.72458,尉犁與沙雅種群之間Nm=5.562231,且末與沙雅種群之間Nm=0.91015。結(jié)果表明塔里木馬鹿的遺傳多樣性處于不平衡狀態(tài)。通過SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件,對(duì)新疆塔里木馬鹿和天山馬鹿遺傳多樣性與選取的10個(gè)環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,結(jié)果顯示基于mtDNA Cytb基因遺傳多樣性參數(shù)與年均氣溫(r=-0.619,p=0.02,p0.05),海拔(r=0.783,p=0.04,p0.05),年均降水量(r=0.511,p=0.0441,p0.05),平均人口(r=-0.977,p=0.00,p0.05)呈顯著相關(guān)性;基于核DNA(nDNA)遺傳多樣性參數(shù)與海拔(r=0.729,p=0.043,p0.05),年均降水量(r=0.568,p0.05),平均人口(r=-0.943,P=0.00,P0.01)呈顯著相關(guān)性。兩種分子標(biāo)記得到的結(jié)果相一致。與遺傳多樣性參數(shù)相關(guān)性最大的4個(gè)環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行回歸分析,得到如下回歸方程:y=2.189+1.165X1+1.432X2-0.085 X3-0.042 X4(y:馬鹿遺傳多樣性,X1:海拔,X2:年均降水量,X 3:年均氣溫,X4:采樣區(qū)域平均人口)海拔、年均降水量、年均氣溫、平均人口的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)分別為3.586,2.245,-1.563,-0.983,因此,對(duì)塔里木馬鹿和天山馬鹿種群遺傳多樣性的影響程度為:海拔年均降水量年均氣溫平均人口。基于Canoco4.5生態(tài)學(xué)軟件的新疆馬鹿兩個(gè)亞種遺傳多樣性與10種環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行RDA分析,結(jié)果表明影響塔里木馬鹿和天山馬鹿遺傳多樣性的環(huán)境因子基本相同。蒙特卡洛檢驗(yàn)顯示,所有的環(huán)境因子不同程度的影響馬鹿遺傳多樣性(mtDNA與nDNA),其中影響最顯著的因子分別為海拔(r=0.872,F=7.84,P=0.02),降水量(r=0.7434,F=7.21,P=0.03),氣溫(r=-0.6375,F=6.38,P=0.035),人口(r=-0.586,F=5.22,P=0.04)。蒙特卡洛檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果與SPSS19.0出來(lái)的結(jié)果相一致,其中海拔是關(guān)鍵環(huán)境因子。經(jīng)Canoco4.5軟件對(duì)塔里木馬鹿遺傳多樣性與環(huán)境因子之間的RDA分析顯示:塔里木馬鹿基于mtDNA和nDNA(核DNA)的遺傳多樣性與氣溫(r=0.852,F=7.45,P=0.038),降水量(r=0.612,F=6.24,P=0.052)和人口(r=-0.816,F=7.37,P=0.046)的相關(guān)性最大(p0.05)。因此,以上因子是影響塔里木馬鹿遺傳多樣性關(guān)鍵的因子。對(duì)天山馬鹿遺傳多樣性與環(huán)境因子之間的RDA分析顯示基于mtDNA與nDNA基因的馬鹿遺傳多樣性與海拔(r=0.883,F=7.36,P=0.031)和降水量(r=0.789,F=7.44,P=0.045),氣溫(r=-0.517,F=5.86,P=0.047)和平均人口(r=-0.780,F=7.821,P=0.048)相關(guān)性最大(p0.05)。因此,以上因子是影響天山馬鹿遺傳多樣性的關(guān)鍵因子。總而言之,基于SPSS19.0和Canoco4.5軟件的新疆馬鹿兩個(gè)亞種遺傳多樣性與環(huán)境因子的相關(guān)性結(jié)果可知影響馬鹿兩個(gè)亞種遺傳多樣性的環(huán)境因子基本相同,但對(duì)于生存在不同生境的馬鹿種群遺傳多樣性來(lái)講影響的環(huán)境因子有所不同,其中對(duì)塔里木馬鹿遺傳多樣性影響顯著的環(huán)境分別為氣溫,人口,降水量。
[Abstract]:The survival and reproduction of any organism is closely related to its surrounding environment. Genetic diversity is the result of the continuous adaptation of the species to the environment in a certain habitat. The Tarim deer is a national second class protected animal. In recent years, as the human disturbance to the natural system is increasing, the suitable habitat environment of the Tarim deer is lost and degraded. In this experiment, the mitochondrial DNA Cytb gene was used as a molecular marker, and the genetic diversity of the taliwood horse was evaluated, and then SPSS19.0 was used to determine the dominant environmental factors that affect the genetic diversity of the Tarim deer. A detailed comparative study was carried out with the ecological software canoco4.5 on the Tarim wapiti and Tianshan Wapiti living in different habitats. The relationship between the genetic diversity and environmental factors of the Tarim deer was further explored to provide a scientific basis for the protection and management of the Tarim deer. The results are as follows: the results of genetic diversity show that it has been successfully expanded. The contents of each base in the mtDNA Cytb gene sequence of the 30 Tarim's red deer were T 29.3%, C 27.3%, G 13.4%, A 30.1%, A+T (59.4%) content higher than C+G (40.6%), showing the base deviation. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of three geographic populations were: the Sha Ya population (0.911,0.01645), the wait population (0.363,0.00501), the captain The highest of the population (0.664,0.00852) is the Sha Ya population, the lowest is the fine population. The gene flow: the Nm=0.72458 between the Wei and the end population, the Nm=5.562231 between the Wei and the Sha Ya population, and the Nm=0.91015. results between the second and the Sha Ya population show that the genetic diversity of the Tarim deer is in the unbalanced state. By SPSS19.0 statistics software, The genetic diversity of Xinjiang's Xinjiang deer and Tianshan red deer was correlated with the selected 10 environmental factors. The results showed that the genetic diversity based on the genetic diversity of the Cytb gene and the annual average temperature (r=-0.619, p=0.02, P0.05), the altitude (r=0.783, p=0.04, P0.05), the average annual precipitation (r=0.511, p=0.0441, P0.05), the average population There was a significant correlation; the genetic diversity parameters based on nuclear DNA (nDNA) were significantly correlated with the average annual precipitation (r=0.568, P0.05), the average annual precipitation (r=0.568, P0.05), the average population (r=-0.943, P=0.00, P0.01). The results of the two molecular markers were consistent. The regression analysis of the 4 environmental factors that were the most relevant to the genetic diversity parameters were carried out. The following regression equations are obtained: y=2.189+1.165X1+1.432X2-0.085 X3-0.042 X4 (y: deer genetic diversity, X1: elevation, X2: annual precipitation, X 3: annual average temperature, X4: sampling regional average population) elevation, annual average precipitation, average annual temperature, and the average number of normalized regression lines for the average population are 3.586,2.245, -1.563, -0.983, therefore, to Tarim deer. The influence degree of genetic diversity of the population of Wapiti in Tianshan Mountain was the average annual average temperature of annual precipitation at altitudes. The genetic diversity of two subspecies of Xinjiang wapiti and 10 environmental factors based on the Canoco4.5 ecological software were analyzed by RDA. The results showed that the environmental factors affecting the genetic diversity of the Tarim deer and the Tianshan Wapiti were basically the same. The Monte Carlo test showed that all the environmental factors affected the genetic diversity of the deer (mtDNA and nDNA), and the most significant factors were the altitude (r=0.872, F=7.84, P=0.02), the precipitation (r=0.7434, F=7.21, P=0.03), the temperature (r=-0.6375, F=6.38, P=0.035), and the population (r=-0.586, P=0.03). The results of the Monte Carlo test. In accordance with the results of SPSS19.0, the altitude is the key environmental factor. The RDA analysis between the genetic diversity and environmental factors of the Tarim deer showed that the genetic diversity of the Tarim wapik was based on the genetic diversity of mtDNA and nDNA (nuclear DNA) and the temperature (r=0.852, F= 7.45, P=0.038), precipitation (r=0.612, F=6.24, P=0.052) and population. -0.816, F=7.37, P=0.046) have the greatest correlation (P0.05). Therefore, the above factors are the key factors affecting the genetic diversity of the Tarim deer. The RDA analysis of the genetic diversity between the genetic diversity and the environmental factors of the Tianshan Wapiti shows that the genetic diversity and altitude based on the mtDNA and nDNA genes (r=0.883, F=7.36, P=0.031) and precipitation (r=0.789, F=7.44) P=0.045), the temperature (r=-0.517, F=5.86, P=0.047) and the average population (r=-0.780, F=7.821, P=0.048) have the greatest correlation (P0.05). Therefore, the above factors are the key factors affecting the genetic diversity of the Tianshan Wapiti. All in all, the correlation between the genetic diversity of the two subspecies of Xinjiang wapiti based on SPSS19.0 and Canoco4.5 software can be found to be related to the environmental factors. The environmental factors that affect the genetic diversity of the two subspecies of Wapiti are basically the same, but the environmental factors that affect the genetic diversity of the population of the deer population in different habitats are different, among which the climate, human mouth and precipitation are the most significant factors affecting the genetic diversity of the Tarim deer.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S825

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本文編號(hào)：2155099