本文選題：耕作方式 + 半干旱區(qū)　； 參考：《黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：本研究針對(duì)松嫩平原半干旱區(qū)降雨少,且季節(jié)分配不均以及長(zhǎng)期土壤耕作制度單一存在的土壤蓄水保墑的能力差,作物持續(xù)增產(chǎn)的受限等問(wèn)題,研究探討了旋耕壟作、旋耕平作、免耕及其與深松相互組合的方式,對(duì)土壤基本理化性狀及玉米產(chǎn)量形成的影響,本試驗(yàn)在黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)試驗(yàn)實(shí)習(xí)基地進(jìn)行,供試玉米品種為先玉335,采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),研究了旋耕壟作(RT常規(guī))、旋耕平作(FT)、免耕(NT)、旋耕壟作+深松(RTS)、旋耕平作+深松(FTS)、免耕+深松(NTS)6種耕作方式對(duì)松嫩平原半干旱區(qū)玉米田土壤養(yǎng)分、土壤基本物理性狀、相關(guān)酶活性及玉米產(chǎn)量形成的影響,為篩選出適宜該地區(qū)氣候條件和農(nóng)田種植制度的最優(yōu)低碳型耕作方式,提供依據(jù)和理論參考。并為旱作農(nóng)田作物生產(chǎn)高效管理提供技術(shù)支持。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)未深松條件下,NT處理能夠提高0~10 cm土層土壤含水量及蓄水量,但相比于RT和FT處理,土壤容重顯著增加,孔隙度明顯下降。結(jié)合深松處理后,RTS、FTS和NTS處理均有利于提高0~30 cm土層的土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量和土壤蓄水量,較RT、FT、NT處理增幅分別為14.31%~44.33%、0.98%~9.32%、2.80%~9.71%,并能夠降低0~30 cm土層的土壤容重,下降幅度為0.78%~3.70%、0.68%~2.04%、0.69%~3.45%。(2)NT處理?xiàng)l件下,0~10 cm土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和全氮含量較對(duì)照RT處理分別增加6.03%、3.80%。結(jié)合深松處理后,RTS、FTS和NTS處理能夠增加10~20 cm土層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和全氮含量。未深松條件下,0~10 cm土層,NT處理土壤速效養(yǎng)分均較RT和FT處理相比有所增加。結(jié)合深松后,RTS、FTS處理10~30 cm土層土壤速效養(yǎng)分含量較對(duì)照RT和FT處理顯著增加,其中,平均土壤堿解氮含量分別增加11.78%、11.13%;速效磷含量分別增加15.48%、13.26%;速效鉀含量分別增加7.02%、6.31%。但結(jié)合深松后,NTS處理10~30cm土層的土壤速效養(yǎng)分含量均較NT、RT處理增加不明顯。(3)未深松條件下,NT處理較FT和RT處理耕層土壤相關(guān)酶活性有所增加。結(jié)合深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS處理能夠明顯提高耕層土壤相關(guān)酶活性,與對(duì)照RT處理相比,土壤堿性磷酸酶活性增幅7.37%~10.58%,土壤蔗糖酶活性增幅15.38%~21.42%,土壤脲酶活性增幅12.97%~14.36%,土壤過(guò)氧化氫酶活性增幅2.51%~4.05%。深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS處理0~30cm土層土壤p H值均較對(duì)照RT處理有所下降,降幅為0.35%~2.01%。(4)結(jié)合深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS處理能夠明顯促進(jìn)光合能力的提升,與對(duì)照RT相比,玉米葉面積指數(shù)增幅為4.61%~9.16,光合勢(shì)增幅為8.09%~15.2%。同時(shí),穗位葉葉綠素含量以FTS處理增量最大,較對(duì)照RT提高9.21%。不同耕作處理下玉米的干物質(zhì)積累量隨著生育進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)而不斷增加。其中與對(duì)照RT相比,RTS、FTS和NTS處理干物質(zhì)積累量增幅達(dá)3.86%~8.10%。此外,玉米的植株干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、玉米水分利用率、株高、成熟期植株養(yǎng)分吸收量也明顯得到提高。(5)深松后,RTS、FTS和NTS處理玉米產(chǎn)量明顯提高,其中FTS處理玉米產(chǎn)量最大(10725.66 kg·hm-2),比對(duì)照壟作增產(chǎn)9.80%。在6種耕作處理中,免耕處理產(chǎn)量最低(9354.61 kg·hm-2),較FTS和RT處理分別減產(chǎn)12.78%、7.33%。RTS、FTS和NTS處理的產(chǎn)量?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)得益于穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù),其中FTS處理穗粒數(shù)增量最大,較RT處理增加9.07%。研究結(jié)果表明,在本試驗(yàn)條件下,FTS處理土壤0~30cm土層的土壤全氮;速效養(yǎng)分;土壤含水量;孔隙度;耕層土壤相關(guān)酶活性以及葉面積指數(shù),干物質(zhì)積累量,干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)能力均表現(xiàn)突出且增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)最佳,為目前松嫩平原半干旱區(qū)玉米生產(chǎn)上較適宜的耕作方式。
[Abstract]:This study aims at the problems of low rainfall in the semi arid area of the Songnen Plain, the poor seasonal distribution and the poor ability of soil moisture conservation in the soil and the limitation of continuous crop yield increasing in a single long-term soil tillage system. The effect of maize yield formation was carried out in the experiment practice base of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University. The tested maize varieties were first jade 335, and the random area group test was used to study the 6 kinds of tillage methods, namely, rotary tillage ridge (RT routine), rotary tillage flat cropping (FT), no tillage (NT), rotary tillage ridge + deep pine (RTS), horizontal cropland + deep pine (FTS), no tillage + deep pine (NTS). The effects of the soil nutrients, basic physical properties, related enzyme activities and the formation of Maize Yield in the semi arid region of Songnen Plain, provide the basis and theoretical reference for selecting the optimal low carbon cultivation mode suitable for the climate conditions and farmland planting system in this area, and provide technical support for the efficient management of crop production in dry farmland. The main results are as follows: (1) under the condition of unsoothing, NT treatment can improve soil water content and water storage in 0~10 cm soil layer, but compared to RT and FT treatment, soil bulk density increases significantly and porosity decreases obviously. After combined with deep pine treatment, RTS, FTS and NTS treatment are beneficial to improve soil porosity, soil moisture content and soil in 0~30 cm soil layer. The amount of water storage, compared with RT, FT and NT, was 14.31%~44.33%, 0.98%~9.32%, 2.80%~9.71%, and could reduce the soil bulk density of 0~30 cm soil layer, the decrease was 0.78%~3.70%, 0.68%~2.04%, 0.69%~3.45%. (2) NT treatment conditions, the soil organic matter and total nitrogen content increased by 6.03% respectively. FTS and NTS treatment could increase soil organic matter and total nitrogen content in 10~20 cm soil layer. Under 0~10 cm soil layer, NT treated soil available nutrients were increased compared with RT and FT treatment. After combined with deep pine, RTS, FTS treatment of 10~30 soil soil available nutrients increased significantly, among them, average soil alkaline solution. The content of nitrogen increased by 11.78%, 11.13%, the content of available phosphorus increased by 15.48%, 13.26%, and the content of available potassium increased by 7.02%, 6.31%. respectively, but after the combination of deep pine, the content of soil available nutrients in the soil layer of NTS treated 10~30cm was more than that of NT and RT treatment was not obvious. (3) under the condition of unsoak, the activity of related enzymes in the soils treated with FT and RT increased more than that of FT and RT. Addition. After combined with deep pine, RTS, FTS and NTS treatments could significantly increase the activity of soil related enzymes in the plough layer. Compared with the control RT treatment, the alkaline phosphatase activity of soil increased 7.37%~10.58%, the activity of soil invertase was 15.38%~21.42%, the soil urease activity was 12.97%~14.36%, the activity of Soil Catalase increased 2.51%~4.05%., RTS, FTS, and 2.51%~4.05%.. The P H value of NTS soil layer soil decreased slightly than that of the control RT treatment, and the decrease was 0.35%~2.01%. (4) combined with deep pine, RTS, FTS and NTS could obviously promote the enhancement of photosynthetic capacity. Compared with the control RT, the increase of leaf area index of maize was 4.61%~9.16, and the photosynthetic potential was at the same time, and the content of chlorophyll in the ear leaf was treated. The accumulation of dry matter in maize increased with the increase of 9.21%. in different tillage treatments than the control RT. Compared with the control RT, the accumulation of dry matter in RTS, FTS and NTS was increased to 3.86%~8.10%., the dry matter transport of maize, the maize water use rate, the plant height, and the mature plant breeding. (5) after deep loosening, the yield of Maize with RTS, FTS and NTS was obviously improved, and the yield of Maize Treated by FTS was the largest (10725.66 kg. Hm-2), and the yield of 9.80%. was increased by 6 tillage treatments than that of the control ridge. The yield of no tillage treatment was the lowest (9354.61 kg. Hm-2), and the yield of FTS and RT was reduced by 12.78%. The yield advantage benefited from the number of spikes and spikes, among which the increment of grain number in FTS was maximum, and the result of increasing 9.07%. compared with RT treatment showed that under the conditions of this experiment, FTS treated soil total nitrogen of soil 0~30cm soil layer, available nutrients, soil water content, porosity, soil related enzyme activity and leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, dry matter accumulation, dry matter accumulation, dry matter accumulation and dry matter accumulation. The material transfer capacity is outstanding and the yield increasing effect is the best. It is a suitable farming method for maize production in the semi arid area of Songnen Plain.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S513

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