本文選題：絲栗栲 + 種群更新　； 參考：《福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：絲栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)是福建海拔1000 m以下山地常綠闊葉林的主要優(yōu)勢種和建群種之一,培肥土壤、涵養(yǎng)水源能力較強(qiáng)。由于氣候環(huán)境和人為因素的雙重影響,現(xiàn)存的以絲栗栲為建群種的絲栗栲天然林多為次生林,更新速度下降,面積下滑。因此,促進(jìn)絲栗栲種群更新,使絲栗栲林能夠長期穩(wěn)定發(fā)展,是次生林撫育經(jīng)營較為關(guān)注的問題。本研究以永安典型絲栗栲次生林為研究對象,以森林培育學(xué)、種群生態(tài)學(xué)和地統(tǒng)計學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)理論依據(jù),對絲栗栲種群的年齡結(jié)構(gòu)、空間分布格局和種間關(guān)系、更新幼苗幼樹與林下土壤養(yǎng)分空間異質(zhì)性關(guān)系進(jìn)行了探析,并編制了永安絲栗栲種群靜態(tài)生命表,以期為該地區(qū)絲栗栲次生林植被恢復(fù)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)等提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)論如下:(1)絲栗栲種群在該次生林中占絕對優(yōu)勢,更新占林分更新總株數(shù)的32.29%。坡向?qū)z栗栲種群密度和更新密度有明顯的影響,表現(xiàn)為陰坡大于陽坡。陰坡種群密度為2124株/hm2,更新占比77.78%;陽坡種群密度為1612株/hm2,更新占比69.23%。絲栗栲種群屬于增長型,兩個坡向均表現(xiàn)為幼苗幼樹多,中樹、大樹少,幼苗貯備量大,天然更新良好。坡向?qū)Ω碌牡貜郊墰]有明顯的影響,僅在Ⅰ級(0～10mm)上存在差異。坡向?qū)Ω碌母叨燃壌嬖诿黠@的影響,陰坡呈近似雙峰分布,陽坡呈明顯的左偏山狀分布。整體上,幼苗幼樹地徑和樹高結(jié)構(gòu)良好,供給穩(wěn)定。(2)兩個坡向上絲栗栲種群均表現(xiàn)出聚集分布特征,最大聚集強(qiáng)度均出現(xiàn)在目標(biāo)個體周圍1m距離內(nèi),且隨尺度的增大逐漸變?yōu)殡S機(jī)分布。坡向?qū)Ω靼l(fā)育階段的空間格局沒有明顯影響。幼苗主要呈聚集分布,幼樹和中樹在個別尺度上聚集,主要表現(xiàn)為隨機(jī)分布,而大樹主要呈隨機(jī)分布,個別尺度表現(xiàn)為均勻分布,總體上從幼苗到大樹呈現(xiàn)出聚集到隨機(jī)或均勻的分布規(guī)律。種子擴(kuò)散限制和生境異質(zhì)性在一定程度上解釋了絲栗栲種群聚集的格局,密度制約是調(diào)節(jié)絲栗栲種群不同發(fā)育階段格局表現(xiàn)的主要形式。更新空間異質(zhì)性研究表明,陽坡和陰坡的聚集斑塊最大半徑分別為12.63 m、8.7 m。更新具有很強(qiáng)的空間格局變異,結(jié)構(gòu)性因素引起的變異占90%以上,空間分布表現(xiàn)出顯著的各向異性(p0.05),兩個坡向呈現(xiàn)完全相反的空間變異格局。(3)坡向?qū)z栗栲更新的種內(nèi)和種間關(guān)聯(lián)性具有顯著的影響,并且隨尺度發(fā)生變化。陽坡上,幼苗和幼樹、中樹、大樹在21m尺度內(nèi)以顯著正關(guān)聯(lián)為主,在大于21m尺度上沒有顯著關(guān)聯(lián)性;幼樹和中樹、大樹沒有顯著關(guān)聯(lián)性。陰坡上,幼苗和幼樹、中樹、大樹在7-20 m尺度上以顯著正關(guān)聯(lián)為主,幼樹和中樹、大樹在個別尺度存在負(fù)關(guān)聯(lián)。更新的種內(nèi)關(guān)系比較穩(wěn)定。陽坡上,更新幼苗幼樹的種間正關(guān)聯(lián)較多,并且隨尺度增加逐漸減弱,主要表現(xiàn)為正向和對絲栗栲更新有利的生態(tài)關(guān)系;米櫧、絨毛潤楠、華南樟、檫樹成樹在小尺度對絲栗栲更新存在抑制作用。陰坡上,米櫧、絨毛潤楠、鉤栲、細(xì)枝柃幼苗幼樹和絲栗栲幼苗幼樹存在競爭;米櫧、酸棗、青岡櫟成樹在小尺度對絲栗栲更新存在抑制作用。(4)通過對絲栗栲種群生命表分析,生境對絲栗栲種群的結(jié)構(gòu)和更新動態(tài)有較大影響。死亡率和消失率曲線變化趨勢相同,存在3個高峰(第1、6和10齡級),種群存活曲線更傾向于Deevey-Ⅱ型(對角線型),種群的生存率和累計死亡率曲線變化趨勢互為相反,在第6齡級出現(xiàn)明顯轉(zhuǎn)折(速度變緩),死亡密度和危險率函數(shù)曲線變化一致。譜分析顯示,絲栗栲種群動態(tài)存在明顯的基本周期和小周期波動,能夠促進(jìn)種群更新和種群穩(wěn)定性。(5)絲栗栲次生林下,土壤pH在兩個坡向差異不顯著(P0.05),而全鉀、全磷、全氮、硝態(tài)氮、銨態(tài)氮、有效磷、速效鉀在兩個坡向均呈顯著差異(P0.05)。絲栗栲次生林中土壤養(yǎng)分異質(zhì)性明顯,不同空間樣點間土壤各指標(biāo)含量均存在很大的差異。陽坡樣地,pH、全磷、硝態(tài)氮、速效鉀、綜合養(yǎng)分在較大尺度(有效變程依次為 203.16 m、99.87 m、77.059 m、53.642 m、45.05 m)呈明顯的空間自相關(guān)變異,占空間總變異的63.2%以上;全氮、全鉀、銨態(tài)氮、有效磷在相對小的尺度范圍(依次為13.47m、16.98m、15.72m、8.94m)呈很強(qiáng)的空間自相關(guān)變異,占空間總變異的82.1%以上。陰坡樣地,pH、全鉀、硝態(tài)氮在較大尺度(依次為53.75 m、79.71m、55.18 m)呈明顯的空間自相關(guān)變異,占空間總變異的60%以上;全磷、銨態(tài)氮、綜合養(yǎng)分在較大尺度(分別為243 m、52.52 m、49.12 m)呈很強(qiáng)的空間自相關(guān)變異,結(jié)構(gòu)性因素變異在77.5%以上;而全氮、有效磷、速效鉀在相對小的尺度(依次為25.84 m、25.79 m、43.15 m)上呈現(xiàn)明顯的空間自相關(guān)性,結(jié)構(gòu)性因素和隨機(jī)因素對3個指標(biāo)的空間變異同等重要(空間結(jié)構(gòu)占比稍大于50%)。(6)絲栗栲更新和土壤養(yǎng)分的相關(guān)性在兩個坡向上差異顯著。陽坡上,絲栗栲更新數(shù)量與土壤速效鉀、硝態(tài)氮、全氮、綜合養(yǎng)分異質(zhì)性之間存在極顯著正相關(guān)(p0.01),在含量相對高的斑塊中,更新發(fā)生數(shù)量最多;與土壤pH、全鉀呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(p0.01),在含量相對低的斑塊中,更新發(fā)生數(shù)量較多;與有效磷、銨態(tài)氮異質(zhì)性之間的相關(guān)性不明顯。陰坡上,絲栗栲更新數(shù)量與土壤8個指標(biāo)及綜合養(yǎng)分指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性均不明顯,更新數(shù)量主要和物種生物學(xué)特性和蔭蔽的林分環(huán)境有關(guān)。(7)在絲栗栲次生林撫育中,應(yīng)對不同坡向采取不同的人為干擾以促進(jìn)種群的天然更新。陽坡上,適度擇伐絲栗栲幼苗幼樹周圍的建潤楠、細(xì)枝柃幼苗幼樹及米櫧、絨毛潤楠、華南樟、檫樹成樹。陰坡上,適度擇伐絲栗栲幼苗幼樹2 m范圍內(nèi)的米櫧、潤毛潤楠、鉤栲幼苗幼樹及酸棗成樹以減少其對目標(biāo)幼苗幼樹的競爭。根據(jù)種內(nèi)關(guān)系和存活曲線分析,增加絲栗栲中樹周圍的空間和光照利于其成功進(jìn)入大樹階段,占據(jù)林分最上層。在絲栗栲林業(yè)栽培中,可選擇對絲栗栲更新有正關(guān)聯(lián)或者無關(guān)聯(lián)的幼苗幼樹進(jìn)行伴生種植;也可以在對絲栗栲更新有正關(guān)聯(lián)的成樹下對絲栗栲幼苗幼樹進(jìn)行補(bǔ)植。
[Abstract]:Castanopsis fargesii is one of the dominant species and one of the dominant species in the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Fujian under 1000 m altitude. The ability of fertilizing soil is stronger. Because of the dual effects of climate and human factors, the existing natural Castanopsis kankanis forest with Castanopsis fargesii is the secondary forest, the rate of regeneration is decreased and the area is decreased. Therefore, promoting the regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii, making the Castanopsis fargesii forest sustainable development for a long time, is a concern for secondary forest tending management. In this study, the secondary forest of Castanopsis fargesii in Yongan is the research object. Based on the theory of forest cultivation, population ecology and geostatistics, the age structure and space of the Castanopsis fargesii population are on the basis of the theoretical basis. The relationship between the distribution pattern and the interspecific relationship was discussed, and the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in the young seedlings of the seedlings was updated and the static life table of Castanopsis fargesii population in Yongan was compiled in order to provide scientific basis for the restoration of the secondary forest and the protection of the ecosystem in this area. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the population of Castanopsis kankam is in this secondary life. The 32.29%. slope in the forest accounted for an obvious influence on the population density and regeneration density of Castanopsis fargesii, which showed that the shady slope was larger than the sunny slope. The population density of the shady slope was 2124 /hm2, the regeneration was 77.78%, the population density of the sunny slope was 1612 /hm2, and the regeneration accounted for the growth type and two slope of the Castanopsis fargesii population. There are many young seedlings, middle trees, few trees, large trees, large trees and good natural regeneration. The slope direction has no obvious influence on the updated ground level, only on the grade I (0 ~ 10mm). The slope direction has an obvious influence on the height of the updated height, the shady slope is approximately Shuangfeng distribution and the sunny slope is obviously left partial mountain distribution. The soil diameter and height of the young trees were well constructed and the supply was stable. (2) the population of Castanopsis tantana showed the characteristics of aggregation distribution, and the maximum aggregation intensity appeared in the 1m distance around the target individual, and gradually changed to a random distribution with the increase of the scale. The slope direction had no obvious influence on the spatial pattern of each stage. In the collection distribution, the young and middle trees were aggregated on a few scales, mainly in random distribution, while the large trees were distributed randomly and the individual scales were evenly distributed. In general, the distribution of the seedlings from the seedlings to the big trees showed a random or uniform distribution rule. The seed diffusion restriction and the heterogeneity of the habitat explained the species of Castanopsis fargesii to a certain extent. The aggregation pattern, density restriction is the main form of regulating the pattern of different developmental stages of Castanea Castanea population. The study of spatial heterogeneity of regeneration shows that the maximum radius of the aggregated patches in the sunny and shady slopes is 12.63 m, and the 8.7 M. renewal has a strong spatial pattern variation, and the variation caused by the structural factors is over 90%, and the spatial distribution is shown. There was significant anisotropy (P0.05), and the two slope directions presented a completely opposite spatial variation pattern. (3) the interspecific and interspecific associations of Castanopsis fargesii were significant and varied with the scale. On the sunny slope, the seedlings and young trees, the middle trees and the big trees were dominant in the 21m ulnar degree, and were not obvious on the 21m scale. There was no significant correlation between the young and middle trees. There was no significant correlation between the young trees and the trees. The seedlings and the young trees, the middle trees and the big trees were dominant on the 7-20 m scale, the young trees and the middle trees and the big trees were negatively correlated on the individual scales. Gradually weakening, the main expression is positive and favorable ecological relationship to the regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii, Castanopsis Castanopsis, choriowood, Southern China camphor and sassafras tree in the small scale inhibition of the regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii. On the shady slope, Castanopsis Castanopsis, chorioopsis, Castanopsis, young trees of the seedlings and young trees of Castanopsis kankanin are competitive; Castanopsis, jujube, green oak are in the tree. The small scale inhibited the regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii. (4) through the analysis of the life table of Castanopsis fargesii population, habitat had a great influence on the structure and regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii population. The variation trend of the mortality and vanishing rate curve was the same, there were 3 peaks (1,6 and 10 years), and the population survival curve was more inclined to Deevey- type II (diagonal). The variation trend of survival rate and cumulative mortality curve was opposite, and there was a clear turning point at the sixth age level (speed change), and the change of death density and risk rate function curve was the same. The spectrum analysis showed that the dynamics of Castanopsis fargesii population dynamics had obvious basic cycle and small cycle fluctuation, which could promote population regeneration and population stability. (5) Castanopsis kankam times The difference of soil pH in two slopes was not significant (P0.05), while total potassium, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were significantly different in two slope directions (P0.05). The soil nutrient heterogeneity in the secondary forest of Castanea Castanea was obvious, and there were great differences in the soil indexes between different space samples. Nitrate nitrogen, quick acting potassium, comprehensive nutrient in a larger scale (203.16 m, 99.87 m, 77.059 m, 53.642 m, 45.05 m) in a larger scale, and accounted for more than 63.2% of the total spatial variation, and total nitrogen, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, and effective phosphorus in a relatively small scale (13.47m, 16.98m, 15.72m, 8.94m) in a relatively strong space self. The related variation accounted for more than 82.1% of the total spatial variation. On the shady slope, pH, total potassium and nitrate nitrogen were obvious spatial autocorrelation variations (53.75 m, 79.71m, 55.18 m), accounting for more than 60% of the total spatial variation; total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and comprehensive nutrients were strong spatial autocorrelation at a large scale (243 m, 52.52 m, 49.12 m, respectively). The variation of structural factors was more than 77.5%, while total nitrogen, effective phosphorus and available potassium showed obvious spatial autocorrelation on relatively small scale (25.84 m, 25.79 m, 43.15 m, respectively). Structural factors and random factors were equally important to the spatial variation of 3 indexes (the space structure ratio was slightly greater than 50%). (6) the regeneration of Castanopsis kantanus and soil nutrients The correlation between the two slopes was significantly different. On the sunny slope, there was a very significant positive correlation between the number of fresh chestnut Castanopsis and the soil available potassium, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and comprehensive nutrient heterogeneity (P0.01). In the relatively high patches, the number of regeneration occurred most, and was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, total potassium (P0.01), and in relatively low content patches. There was no significant correlation between the number of regeneration and the availability of available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen heterogeneity. On the shady slope, the correlation between the number of regeneration of Castanopsis kankam and the 8 indexes of soil and the comprehensive nutrient index were not obvious. The number of regeneration was mainly related to the biological characteristics of species and the forest environment in the shade. (7) in the secondary forest tending of Castanopsis fargesii Different anthropogenic disturbances were taken to promote the natural regeneration of the population. On the sunny slope, the young trees of the seedlings of Castanea Castanea were moderately chosen, the young trees and Castanopsis Castanopsis, the villas, the Southern China camphor and sassafras trees. On the shady slope, Castanopsis Castanopsis in the 2 m range of the young trees of Castanopsis fargesii, moistening Mao Runnan, young trees of the seedlings of Castanopsis fargesii and the young trees of Castanopsis fargesii were selected. According to the intraspecific relationship and survival curve, the space and light of the tree in Castanopsis fargesii can be added to the tree stage and occupy the top of the tree. In the forest cultivation of Castanopsis kankani, the young seedlings of Castanopsis kankam are more new and unrelated to the seedlings. It is also possible to replant young Castanopsis fargesii seedlings under positive correlation with the regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S718.5

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2 侯冠旭;絲栗栲種子催芽技術(shù)及苗期生長、光合特性研究[D];江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

3 程真;南嶺不同群落林下幼樹生物多樣性及格局動態(tài)[D];中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院;2015年

4 趙長存;杉木老齡林群落的空間異質(zhì)性與空間結(jié)構(gòu)特征研究[D];福建農(nóng)林大學(xué);2014年

5 楊添;絲栗栲為主要建群種的常綠闊葉林土壤有機(jī)碳及組分特征研究[D];北京林業(yè)大學(xué);2014年

6 劉武;雨雪冰凍干擾對江西大崗山常綠闊葉林影響研究[D];江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2013年

7 何蘭軍;廣西弄崗北熱帶喀斯特季節(jié)性雨林種群空間格局研究[D];廣西師范大學(xué);2012年

8 林敏水;永安竹類植物生物多樣性及其保護(hù)研究[D];福建農(nóng)林大學(xué);2008年

9 湯雨寧;朝陽地區(qū)油松天然更新規(guī)律及人工促進(jìn)措施研究[D];沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2007年

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