本文選題：覆蓋 + 物理性質�。� 參考：《寧夏大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：干旱、缺水是我國農業(yè)生產的兩大難題,地表覆蓋措施是解決旱作農業(yè)缺水的有效途徑。因此為探究不同地表覆蓋措施在半干旱地區(qū)旱作農業(yè)生產中的調溫保墑效果,本論文在寧夏鹽池縣進行隨機小區(qū)試驗,分析了 3種不同地表覆蓋措施(地膜覆蓋PM、礫石覆蓋GM、秸稈覆蓋SM)和對照(無覆蓋CK)對土壤性質(土壤含水量、土壤溫度、土壤孔隙度、土壤持水量)的影響,并比較了玉米的出苗率以及生長狀況的差異;利用染色示蹤和圖像分析相結合的方法,研究了 3種不同地表覆蓋措施(地膜覆蓋PM、礫石覆蓋GM、秸稈覆蓋SM)下土壤的優(yōu)先流特征和大孔隙分布狀況;利用室內土柱模擬,研究了同一厚度下,不同礫石粒徑大小以及殘膜對土壤中水分運移的影響;運用AHP-模糊綜合評判方法對3種覆蓋材料的適宜性進行了綜合評價,結果表明:1)地膜覆蓋和礫石覆蓋具有較好的增溫效果,有利于提高玉米的出苗率和促進玉米拔節(jié),并有利于延長作物的生長期;3種不同覆蓋措施均有一定的保持土壤水分效應,其中礫石覆蓋效果顯著;與對照相比,覆蓋處理下土壤孔隙度、持水量增加,土壤容重降低,土壤結構得到改善。2)2015年,礫石覆蓋和地膜覆蓋處理下,玉米的出苗率要高于對照,秸稈覆蓋處理下,玉米出苗率要低于對照,而在2016年,秸稈覆蓋處理的出苗率要高于對照;3種不同覆蓋措施都顯著增加了各生育期玉米的株高、莖粗和葉面積值;與對照相比,3種覆蓋措施均顯著提高了玉米的產量,其中以礫石覆蓋最高,其次為地膜覆蓋,秸稈覆蓋玉米產量最低。3)與對照相比,3種不同覆蓋處理的土壤的染色劑垂直運移深度相差較大,以地膜覆蓋處理下染色深度最大,礫石覆蓋次之;土壤的染色面積比例均是表層最大,并且隨著深度增大呈現(xiàn)出在波動中下降的趨勢;3種不同覆蓋措施下均產生了優(yōu)先流現(xiàn)象,其中以地膜覆蓋、礫石覆蓋處理下優(yōu)先流現(xiàn)象最為明顯;與對照相比,3種覆蓋措施均能增加土壤表層(0-30cm)的土壤孔隙數量,地膜覆蓋、礫石覆蓋處理下土壤深層的大孔隙數量也要明顯高于對照。4)室內模擬不同粒徑礫石及殘膜對土壤水分運移的影響:不同礫石粒徑覆蓋對土壤水分入滲影響的室內模擬試驗中,結果表明,與對照相比,礫石覆蓋表面能夠增加水分的累積入滲量;在濕潤鋒運移距離的模擬試驗中,相同時間內,相同覆蓋厚度下,以1-2cm粒徑礫石覆蓋處理的濕潤鋒運移距離最大和0.25-0.5cm粒徑礫石覆蓋處理的累積入滲水量最大。不同地膜殘留深度土壤水分入滲的室內模擬試驗中,結果表明,與對照相比,地膜殘留能夠抑制土壤中水分的入滲,影響水分下滲。在相同的時間內,0-5cm地膜殘留深度和5-1Ocm地膜殘留深度的累積入滲量都要小于對照,水分下滲深度也要小于對照處理。5)對3種覆蓋處理進行的AHP-模糊綜合評判的結果表明,在3種覆蓋措施中,以礫石覆蓋處理的整體評價最好,其次為地膜覆蓋處理。對各個評價指標權重以及2015、2016兩年所產生的收益的對比,結果表明:在進行覆蓋材料的選擇時,要考慮覆蓋材料對土壤結構和作物生長所產生的影響以及由此所帶來的收益;同時,在以2015、2016年兩年當年的玉米市場價格以及覆蓋的成本為基礎進行的收益測算中,以礫石覆蓋處理下的收益最高,其次為地膜覆蓋處理。6)綜上所述:在不同覆蓋措施對寧夏鹽池縣農田土壤物理性質和玉米生長特性影響的對比研究表明,礫石覆蓋能起到良好的調溫保墑效果,改善土壤結構,并且能夠促進玉米的生長發(fā)育,顯著提高玉米產量,增加收益,可以進一步推廣實施。
[Abstract]:Drought, water shortage is the two difficult problem of agricultural production in our country. The measures of surface cover are the effective ways to solve the water shortage of dry farming. Therefore, in order to explore the effect of temperature and moisture conservation in the dry farming of semi-arid areas, this paper has carried out the experiment in Ningxia Yanchi County, and analyzed 3 kinds of different surface cover measures. The effects of mulching PM, gravel covering GM, straw mulching SM) and control (no covering CK) on soil properties (soil water content, soil temperature, soil porosity, soil water holding capacity), and the difference of seedling emergence rate and growth condition of maize were compared, and 3 different surface cladding methods were studied by combining the method of dyeing tracing and image analysis. Gerzos (film covered with PM, gravel covered with GM, straw mulched SM) the characteristics of soil priority flow and the distribution of macropores. Using indoor soil column simulation, the effect of different gravel size and residual film on soil moisture migration under the same thickness was studied. The suitability of the 3 covering materials by AHP- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was carried out. The comprehensive evaluation shows that: 1) film mulching and gravel cover have good warming effect, which can improve the emergence rate of maize and promote the jointing of corn, and promote the growth period of the crops. The soil moisture effect is maintained by the 3 different covering measures, in which the gravel cover effect is significant; compared with the control, the coverage treatment is compared with the control. Soil porosity, water holding capacity increased, soil bulk density decreased, soil structure improved.2. In 2015, under the treatment of gravel covering and mulching, the emergence rate of maize was higher than that of control. Under straw mulching treatment, the emergence rate of maize seedlings was lower than that of the control. In 2016, the seedling rate of straw mulching treatment was higher than that of the control; 3 different coverage measures were taken. The plant height, stem diameter and leaf area value of each growth period increased significantly. Compared with the control, the 3 covering measures significantly increased the yield of maize, among which the gravel covered the highest, the second was the mulching, the straw mulched corn yield was lowest.3. Compared with the control, the vertical migration depth difference between the 3 different covered soils was different. The dyeing depth is the largest and the gravel cover is the largest under the mulching treatment, and the proportion of the soil is the largest in the surface area, and the trend of the decrease with the depth increases. The first flow phenomenon is produced under the 3 different covering measures, in which the ground film is covered and the priority flow is most obvious under the gravel cover treatment. Compared with the control, the 3 coverage measures can increase the amount of soil porosity in soil surface (0-30cm), film mulching, and the number of large pores in the deep soil under gravel cover is also significantly higher than that of the control.4). The effects of different gravel gravel and residual film on soil water migration are simulated in the laboratory. In the simulation test, the results showed that the gravel covered surface could increase the cumulative infiltration of water. In the simulation test of the migration distance of the wetting front, the migration distance of the humid front treated with the 1-2cm gravel cover was the largest and the accumulation of gravel covered with the 0.25-0.5cm particle size in the same time and the same covering thickness. In the indoor simulation test of soil water infiltration of different film residual depth, the results showed that the residue of the film could inhibit the infiltration of water in the soil and influence the water infiltration. In the same time, the residual depth of the 0-5cm film and the residual depth of the 5-1Ocm film were less than the control. The depth of infiltration is also less than that of the control treatment.5). The results of AHP- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of 3 coverage treatments show that in the 3 coverage measures, the overall evaluation of gravel cover treatment is the best, followed by the film mulching treatment. The weight of each evaluation index and the income generated in the 20152016 years are compared. The results show that the results are as follows: The impact of cover materials on soil structure and crop growth and the resulting benefits should be taken into account when the material is chosen, and the highest yield under gravel coverage, followed by film mulching, is calculated on the basis of corn market prices and covering cost of 20152016 years and two years. To sum up.6) to sum up, a comparative study of the effects of different coverage measures on soil physical properties and maize growth characteristics in Yanchi County of Ningxia showed that gravel cover could play a good effect on temperature and moisture conservation, improve soil structure, promote the growth and development of maize, increase maize yield and increase income, and further promote the growth of corn. Wide implementation.
【學位授予單位】：寧夏大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S152;S513

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