本文選題：不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式 + 土壤微生物功能多樣性　； 參考：《福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：杉木是我國南方特有的,且已有千年歷史的重要用材樹種之一,在我國南方林業(yè)生產(chǎn)中不僅能提供木材和多種林副產(chǎn)品,而且在保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、維持森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡方面具有十分重要的地位和作用。隨著杉木人工林造林規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大,純林化、針葉化和多代連栽的現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重,已造成較為嚴(yán)重的水土流失、地力衰退等現(xiàn)象,直接制約當(dāng)前杉木人工林的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。近些年來對于杉木人工林地力衰退問題已有許多報(bào)道,但更多學(xué)者還主要集中在有關(guān)機(jī)制方面的研究,而對杉木人工林地力衰退防治技術(shù)體系還沒有進(jìn)行具體而深入的研究。雖然目前有些學(xué)者們也提出了一些防治技術(shù)措施或者對策(如營造杉闊混交林、林下套種闊葉樹和林地施肥等),但由于這些技術(shù)措施在實(shí)際經(jīng)營中需要大量的人力物力,且實(shí)施難度較大,經(jīng)濟(jì)成本較高等原因,還難以得到推廣應(yīng)用,大多數(shù)還仍然停留在理論層面上。因此,如何從整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)角度出發(fā),充分利用自然力,來構(gòu)建近自然的杉木林經(jīng)營模式,已成為當(dāng)前杉木人工林地力衰退防治的一個(gè)迫切需要解決的重大課題。有鑒于此,本課題組在長時(shí)間的杉木研究過程中,針對杉木人工林營林所存在的各類生態(tài)問題,根據(jù)國內(nèi)外研究者提出的人工林經(jīng)營新的理論與方法,對杉木人工林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)實(shí)施近自然化經(jīng)營,建立了兩種近自然杉木林經(jīng)營模式(老齡林和萌芽林),同時(shí)在其相鄰之處建立了二代杉木人工林2(不煉山)、二代杉木人工林1(煉山)和天然林作為研究的系列樣地,主要研究不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式對土壤微生物功能多樣性、土壤微生物結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性、土壤碳庫和土壤氮庫的影響,為深入揭示杉木人工林地力衰退機(jī)制以及退化的杉木林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)和重建提供科學(xué)理論依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)以不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式為研究對象,應(yīng)用Biolog生態(tài)板研究土壤微生物功能多樣性,結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)培養(yǎng)144h后不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤Biolog生態(tài)板AWCD值在0-10 cm和10-20 cm均以萌芽林最高,二代杉木人工林1最低,表明5種不同經(jīng)營模式中萌芽林的土壤微生物群落碳源代謝能力最大,二代杉木人工林1最小。在0-10 cm和10-20 cm土層不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤微生物群落對多聚物、羧酸類、氨基酸類碳源的利用能力均高于其他3種碳源的利用能力。在0-10 cm土層不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式的6類碳源的累積利用情況高于10-20 cm土層。在0-10 cm和10-20 cm土層上,二代杉木人工林1的Shannon-wiener指數(shù)均最小,表明二代杉木人工林1利用的土壤微生物碳源種類較少且較不均勻。(2)應(yīng)用PLFA技術(shù)對不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤微生物結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明從不同經(jīng)營模式土壤中共檢測到17種微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸生物標(biāo)記,且不同經(jīng)營模式土壤各類型微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸含量存在一定差異,各菌群的磷脂脂肪酸含量以細(xì)菌最高,放線菌最低,其中放線菌僅在天然林(0.51 nmol·g-1)中被檢測出來。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤總磷脂脂肪酸含量存在顯著性差異(P0.05),土壤總磷脂脂肪酸含量在33.15-10.48 nmol·g-1之間,含量排序?yàn)?天然林二代杉木人工林2萌芽林老齡林二代杉木人工林1。土壤真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量存在顯著性差異(P0.05),不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式中其它土壤菌群磷脂脂肪酸含量均不存在顯著性差異(P0.05)。(3)不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式中,二代杉木人工林2的真菌/細(xì)菌值最大為0.67,老齡林的真菌/細(xì)菌值最小為0.38,說明二代杉木人工林2更能有效地提高土壤真菌的含量所占的比例。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤G+/G-的值在2.70-0.46之間,其中,天然林的G+/G-值最大,萌芽林的G+/G-值最小。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸Pielou指數(shù)之間差異較小,說明各經(jīng)營模式土壤微生物分布均勻度差異較小。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸Simposon指數(shù)天然林最大,而萌芽林與老齡林較小,說明天然林土壤的一些優(yōu)勢磷脂脂肪酸的相對含量較高,萌芽林與老齡林土壤的一些優(yōu)勢磷脂脂肪酸的相對含量較低。(4)不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤全C含量和土壤C儲(chǔ)量均不存在顯著差異(P0.05)。總體上不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤C儲(chǔ)量呈現(xiàn)出:二代杉木人工林1二代杉木人工林2天然林萌芽林老齡林的大小順序。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤DOC含量僅在0-10cm 土層存在極顯著差異(P0.01),土壤DOC含量在各土層上均以萌芽林土壤DOC含量最高。各土壤層次上,不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤MBC含量均存在極顯著差異(P0.01),萌芽林和老齡林土壤MBC的含量均最高,其次為天然林,二代杉木人工林2和二代杉木人工林1的土壤MBC的含量均較低。表明萌芽林和老齡林更有利于土壤微生物的繁殖和生長,提高了土壤MBC含量,從而使林地土壤肥力得以恢復(fù)和改善,尤其是萌芽林模式。土壤全C含量、土壤C儲(chǔ)量、土壤DOC含量、土壤MBC的含量均隨土層的加深而逐漸降低,具有明顯的土壤垂直分布特征。(5)在各土層上,不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤全N含量和土壤N儲(chǔ)量皆不存在顯著差異(P0.05)。土壤N儲(chǔ)量以二代杉木人工林1與二代杉木人工林2較高,萌芽林與老齡林較低。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤銨態(tài)氮含量變化范圍在20.83-10.23 mg·kg-1。且土壤銨態(tài)氮含量差異不顯著(P0.05)。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤硝態(tài)氮含量變化范圍18.72-2.24 mg·kg-1。各土層上均以萌芽林與老齡林含量較高。不同經(jīng)營模式土壤DON含量變化范圍在16.08-1.76mg·kg-1。不同經(jīng)營模式土壤DON含量僅在20-40 cm 土層存在顯著差異(P0.05)。不同經(jīng)營模式土壤MBN含量存在極顯著差異(P0.01),土壤MBN含量在78.1-10.6 mg·kg-1之間。從各土壤層次來看,土壤MBN含量呈現(xiàn)萌芽林、老齡林和天然林土壤MBN的含量較高,二代杉木人工林2和二代杉木人工林1的土壤MBN的含量較低。不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式土壤全N含量、土壤N儲(chǔ)量、土壤銨態(tài)氮含量、土壤硝態(tài)氮含量、土壤DON含量、土壤MBN含量均隨土層的加深而逐漸降低,有明顯的土壤垂直分布特征。(6)不同杉木林經(jīng)營模式在0-10 cm土層上的綜合得分排序?yàn)?萌芽林、老齡林與二代杉木人工林2高于二代杉木人工林1。在10-20 cm 土層上的綜合得分排序?yàn)?萌芽林、老齡林與二代杉木人工林1高于二代杉木人工林2。在20-40 cm 土層上的綜合得分排序?yàn)?萌芽林、二代杉木人工林1和二代杉木人工林2高于老齡林。在40-60 cm 土層上的綜合得分排序?yàn)?萌芽林、二代杉木人工林1、二代杉木人工林2高于老齡林�？傮w來看各土層上的綜合得分均以萌芽林最高,說明各經(jīng)營模式中以萌芽林的土壤肥力與土壤恢復(fù)能力最好,萌芽林可為今后杉木林地力維持提供借鑒與參考。
[Abstract]:Cunninghamia lanceolata is one of the most important timber tree species in the south of China. It can not only provide wood and a variety of forest by-products in the forestry production in the south of China, but also play an important role in protecting the ecological environment and maintaining the balance of forest ecosystem. With the continuous expansion of the plantation of Chinese fir plantation, the forest production is expanding. The phenomenon of large, pure forest, coniferous and multi generation continuous planting is becoming more and more serious, which has caused serious soil erosion and soil erosion, which directly restricts the sustainable development of Chinese fir plantation. In recent years, many reports have been reported on the decline of Chinese fir plantation force, but more scholars have mainly concentrated on the related mechanisms. However, there is no specific and in-depth study on the technology system for the prevention and control of the decline and control of Chinese fir forestland force decline. Although some scholars have also put forward some measures for prevention and control, such as the construction of the mixed forest, the broad-leaved tree and the fertilizing in the woodland, but the technical measures need a lot of practical management. Human and material resources are difficult to implement, and the economic cost is high, and it is still difficult to be popularized. Most of them still remain on the theoretical level. Therefore, how to make full use of the natural force from the angle of the whole ecosystem to construct the near natural Chinese fir forest management model has become the prevention and control of the force decline of the Chinese fir plantation. In view of this, in the course of the long time study of Chinese fir plantation, we have set up two of the ecological problems of the Chinese fir plantation forest, based on the new theories and methods of plantation management proposed by the researchers at home and abroad, and set up the natural management of the ecological system of Chinese fir plantation. At the same time, the two generation of Chinese fir plantation 2 (non smelting mountain), the two generation of Chinese fir plantation 1 (smelting mountain) and natural forest were used as a series of research plots, and the diversity of soil microbial function and soil microbial structure diversity were mainly studied in different Cunninghamia lanceolata Forest Management models. The effects of soil carbon storage and soil nitrogen pool provide scientific theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of force decline of Chinese fir plantation and the restoration and reconstruction of degraded Chinese fir forest ecosystem. The main results are as follows: (1) using different Shan Mulin management models as the research object, the application of Biolog ecological board to study the diversity of soil microbial function, The results showed that the AWCD values of soil Biolog ecosystem on 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm were the highest in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, and the two generation of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation was the lowest. It showed that the carbon source metabolism of the soil microbial communities in the 5 different management patterns was the largest, and the two generation of fir wood 1 was the smallest. In the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers. The utilization of soil microbial communities to polymers, carboxylic acids and amino acid carbon sources in different Chinese fir forest management models were higher than those of the other 3 carbon sources. The cumulative utilization of 6 types of carbon sources in the 0-10 cm soil layer of different Cunninghamia lanceolata management models was higher than the 10-20 cm soil layer. On the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers, two generation of Chinese fir plantation 1 The Shannon-wiener index was the least, indicating that the soil microbial carbon source of the two generation of Chinese fir plantation 1 was less and less uniform. (2) the diversity of soil microbial structure in different Chinese fir forest management models was analyzed by PLFA technology. The results showed that phosphatidylcholine fatty acids from 17 microbial communities were detected from different management models. The content of phospholipid and fatty acids in various microbial communities in different types of soil was different, and the content of phospholipid fatty acids in each group was the highest and the actinomycetes were the lowest. The actinomycetes were detected only in the natural forest (0.51 nmol. G-1). The content of total phosphatidic fatty acids in soil of different fir forest management models existed Significant difference (P0.05), the content of total phosphatidic fatty acids in soil was between 33.15-10.48 nmol and g-1. The content of the content was: the two generation of Chinese Fir Plantation in the natural forest 2 sprout forest aged two generation of Chinese fir plantation and 1. soil fungi phospholipid fatty acid content was significant difference (P0.05). There was no significant difference in content (P0.05). (3) in different Chinese fir forest management models, the maximum value of fungi / bacteria in 2 of the two generation of Chinese fir plantation was 0.67, and the minimum value of fungi / bacteria was 0.38 in the aged forest, indicating that the two generation of Chinese fir plantation 2 could effectively increase the proportion of soil fungi in the soil of different Cunninghamia lanceolata forest management model soil G+/G-. Among them, the G+/G- value of natural forest is the largest and the G+/G- value of the sprout forest is the smallest. The difference of phosphatide and fatty acid Pielou index between the soil microorganism community of different Chinese fir forest management mode is small, which indicates that the distribution uniformity of soil microbes in different management modes is small. The phospholipid fat of soil microbial community in different Chinese fir forest management mode is different. The Simposon index of fatty acid is the largest in natural forest, but the germination forest and the aged forest are smaller. It shows that the relative content of some dominant phosphatidic fatty acids in the natural forest soil is higher, and the relative content of some dominant phosphatidic fatty acids in the germination forest and the aged forest soil is low. (4) there is no significant C content in soil and the C reserves in different Chinese fir forest management models. The difference (P0.05). In general, the soil C reserves of different fir forest management models are as follows: two generation Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation 1 two generation Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation 2 natural forest budding forest aging forest size order. The soil DOC content of different Chinese fir forest management mode is only very significant difference in the 0-10cm soil layer (P0.01), and the soil DOC content is in the germination forest soil on the soil layers. Soil DOC content was the highest in soil levels. There were significant differences in soil MBC content in different Chinese fir forest management models (P0.01). The content of soil MBC in sprout and aged forests was the highest, followed by natural forest. The content of MBC in the 2 and two Chinese fir plantation of the two generation of Chinese fir plantation was lower, indicating that the germination and aging forests were more favorable. The breeding and growth of soil microbes increased the MBC content of soil, thus restoring and improving the soil fertility of forestland, especially the sprout forest model. The total C content of soil, the C reserves of soil, the content of the soil DOC and the content of the soil MBC gradually decreased with the depth of the soil layer, and the soil vertical distribution characteristics were obvious. (5) on the various soil layers, There was no significant difference between the total N content of soil and the soil N reserves in the management mode of the same Chinese fir forest (P0.05). The soil N reserves were higher in the two generation Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation 1 and the two generation Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, and the sprout forest and the aged forest were lower. The soil ammonium nitrogen content of different Chinese fir forest management models was in the 20.83-10.23 mg kg-1. and the soil ammonium nitrogen content was poor. The variation range of soil nitrate nitrogen content in different Chinese fir forest management models (18.72-2.24 mg / kg-1.), the content of soil DON content in the different management models of different management models in the different management models of different management patterns in the different management models of different management modes in the different management models of the different management models in the 20-40 cm soil layer (P0.05). The soil MBN content in different management models was significantly different (P0.01), and the soil MBN content was between 78.1-10.6 mg. Kg-1. From the soil level, the content of MBN content appeared in the soil, and the content of MBN in the aged forest and natural forest soil was higher. The content of MBN in the two generation of Chinese fir plantation and the two generation of Chinese fir plantation 1 was lower. Different Shan Mulin was different. The total N content of soil, soil N reserves, soil ammonium nitrogen content, soil nitrate nitrogen content, soil DON content, soil MBN content gradually decrease with soil depth, and have obvious soil vertical distribution characteristics. (6) the comprehensive scoring of different Chinese fir forest management patterns on the 0-10 cm soil layer is the germination forest, the aged forest and the two generation of fir trees. The comprehensive score of 2 higher than two generation Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation 1. on the 10-20 cm soil layer: germination forest, aged forest and two generation Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation 1 higher than two generation of Chinese fir plantation 2. on the 20-40 cm soil layer, the comprehensive score is: germination forest, two generation Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation 1 and two generation of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations are higher than the aging forest. In the 1. layers of soil layer. The comprehensive scores were as follows: the germination forest, the two generation of Chinese fir plantation 1, the two generation of Chinese fir plantation 2 higher than the aged forest. In general, the comprehensive scores on the soil layers were the highest in the sprout forest, which indicated that the soil fertility and the soil recovery ability of the sprout forest were the best in each management model, and the germination forest could provide reference and reference for the maintenance of Chinese fir woodland force in the future. Exam.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S791.27

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