本文選題：稻鱉共作 + 稻田水體理化性質(zhì)�。� 參考：《上海海洋大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)-水產(chǎn)復合生產(chǎn)體系(Integrated agri-aquaculture system,IAAS)因其具有良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境效應(yīng)及能生產(chǎn)滿足市場對食品安全需求的綠色食品而成為了農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的主要方向之一。目前國內(nèi)外對各類稻漁種養(yǎng)殖模式的土壤細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征尤其是相關(guān)功能基因的菌群的研究較為薄弱,成為限制其推廣的因素之一。雖然已有綜合種養(yǎng)模式對土壤細菌影響的研究,但相關(guān)研究大多受制于方法與技術(shù),有關(guān)稻田綜合種養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)中的土壤微生物數(shù)量及多樣性、和對稻田土壤中細菌功能基因的多樣性及其功能的研究還較少。本課題擬以稻鱉共作這一廣泛推廣的稻漁模式為基礎(chǔ),一方面通過對不同種養(yǎng)模式下稻田土壤理化性質(zhì)、水稻生長指標、水稻產(chǎn)量及稻田水體養(yǎng)分含量等進行了比較分析,從而探明在養(yǎng)殖鱉的“不間斷施肥”及“養(yǎng)殖鱉擾動作用”對稻田物質(zhì)循環(huán)與能量流動的直接影響;另一方面采用基于16S rRNA基因與nifH基因的Illumina Miseq測序的方法,研究養(yǎng)殖鱉的引入對稻田表層土壤、根系土壤的細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)及組成的影響。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1、與稻田單作相比,稻鱉綜合種養(yǎng)模式下的稻田中水體中的NH_4~+、NO_3~-和PO_4~-濃度在水稻生長中后期(水稻移植后34-109天)都得到了提升,結(jié)果表明引入養(yǎng)殖鱉后稻田水體可有溶性養(yǎng)分得到有效提高;養(yǎng)鱉稻田在水稻的產(chǎn)量、有效穗粒數(shù)均得到顯著(P0.05)提高,表明稻鱉綜合養(yǎng)殖模式中稻谷產(chǎn)量的差異主要來自于水稻有效穗粒數(shù)上的差異。稻鱉綜合種養(yǎng)組的水稻結(jié)實率提高了約0.77%,千粒重提高了約10.17%,水稻生物量積累田提高約3.59%,水稻的分蘗數(shù)提高約8.90%。2、與稻田單作相比,稻鱉綜合種養(yǎng)模式下稻田土壤的有機質(zhì)、速效P、速效K、全N、硝態(tài)N和氨態(tài)N的含量都得到一定的提高,其中全N、硝態(tài)N和氨態(tài)N含量得到了顯著(P0.05)提升。結(jié)果表明稻田中引入養(yǎng)殖鱉能較好的改善土壤,提高土壤養(yǎng)分含量。3、與稻田單作(R-M)相比,稻鱉共作組(R-T)下稻田表層和根際土壤中細菌群落的結(jié)構(gòu)和組成都呈現(xiàn)出顯著差異。稻鱉共作組下稻田表層及根系土壤的微生物豐富度及多樣性均高于稻田單作組。與R-M相比,R-T表層土壤中綠彎菌門、硝化螺旋菌門和酸桿菌門的相對豐度增加,變形菌門和擬桿菌門的相對豐度減少;而在根系土壤中,R-M組的硝化螺旋菌門、擬桿菌門和變形菌門的相對豐度增加,而綠彎菌門和酸桿菌門的相對豐度減少。稻田土壤的主要優(yōu)勢菌屬為酸桿菌屬(Acidobacteria bacterium_uncultured)、亞硝化單胞菌屬(Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured)、硝化螺旋菌屬(Nitrospiraceae_uncultured)、地桿菌屬(Geobacter)、芽單胞菌屬(Gemmatimonadaceae_uncultured)和黃單胞菌屬(Xanthomonadales_norank)這6類。其中亞硝化單胞菌屬(Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured)、硝化螺旋菌屬(Nitrospiraceae_uncultured)、芽單胞菌屬(Gemmatimonadaceae_uncultured)和酸桿菌屬(Acidobacteria bacterium_uncultured)在兩種模式的表層土壤中的相對豐度存在顯著差異(P0.05);硝化螺旋菌屬(Nitrospiraceae_uncultured)和地干菌屬(Geobacter)在根系土壤中的相對豐度存在顯著差異(P0.05)。OUT Venn圖、PCA分析及聚類分析均表明稻田引入養(yǎng)殖鱉后,稻田的根系和表層土壤菌群群落都產(chǎn)生了較為明顯的差異,且相對于稻田根系土壤菌群,稻田的表層土壤的菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和組成的差異更加的明顯。CCA分析表明土壤微生物群落的結(jié)構(gòu)與土壤機質(zhì)、有效磷、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量有很好的相關(guān)性。4、水稻根系固氮菌基因nifH的測序結(jié)果顯示:兩種模式下屬分類級別的固氮菌主要為慢生根瘤菌屬(Bradyrhizobium),地桿菌屬(Geobacter),脫硫弧菌屬(Desulfovibrio)、除硫單胞菌屬(Desulfuromonas)、嗜鹽紅螺菌屬(Halorhodospira)、固氮菌屬(Azotobacter)、脫硫球莖菌屬(Desulfobulbus)、甲基單胞菌屬(Methylomonas)、固氮螺菌屬(Azospirillum)、Pseudacidovorax、Anaeromyxobacter、Sideroxydans這13類,它們在不同模式和采樣時期的比例不同。引入養(yǎng)殖鱉后,稻田的土壤固氮微生物的多樣性指數(shù)及豐富度指數(shù)均得到提升。養(yǎng)殖鱉的引入顯著的影響了稻田根系土壤固氮細菌的多樣性與豐富度,但這些影響在兩種模式以及不同生育期之間存在差異。PCA和聚類分析結(jié)果表明稻田水稻的生育時期與種養(yǎng)模式對稻田根系土壤固氮微生物均具有影響,且前者的影響更大。
[Abstract]:Integrated agri-aquaculture system (IAAS) has become one of the main directions of sustainable agricultural development because of its good ecological environment effect and the ability to produce green food to meet the market demand for food safety. The soil bacterial community structure of various types of rice and fishery culture at home and abroad The research on bacteria group characteristic especially related functional genes is relatively weak, which has become one of the factors that restrict its popularization. Although there has been a study of the effects of comprehensive breeding models on soil bacteria, most of the related studies are subject to methods and techniques, the number and diversity of soil microbes in the comprehensive breeding system of paddy fields, and in the paddy soil soil. There are few studies on the diversity and function of the functional genes of bacteria. This topic is based on the widely popularized rice fishing model of the rice shelled turtle. On the one hand, the soil physical and chemical properties, the growth index of rice, the yield of rice and the nutrient content of the water in the paddy field are analyzed on the one hand. The direct effects of "uninterrupted fertilization" and "disturbed effect" of "cultured shelled turtle" on the material circulation and energy flow in rice fields; on the other hand, the effect of the introduction of 16S rRNA gene and nifH gene on the structure and composition of the bacterial community structure and composition of soil soil soil in the rice field and soil soil soil was studied by using the Illumina Miseq sequencing method based on the gene and the nifH gene. The results are as follows: 1, compared with the rice field single cropping, the concentration of NH_4~+, NO_3~- and PO_4~- in the water body of rice field under the comprehensive breeding model of rice shelled rice has been promoted in the middle and late period of rice growth (34-109 days after rice transplantation). The results show that the soluble nutrients in the water body of the rice field can be effectively improved after the introduction of the cultured turtle, and the production of rice in the rice field is produced. The quantity and the number of effective spikes were improved significantly (P0.05), indicating that the difference of rice grain yield in the comprehensive breeding model of rice shelled Turtle was mainly from the difference of the grain number of effective panicle. The rice seed setting rate of the rice turtle comprehensive breeding group increased by about 0.77%, the 1000 grain weight increased by about 10.17%, the rice biomass accumulation field increased by about 3.59%, and the number of rice tillers increased. About 8.90%.2, compared with rice field single cropping, the organic matter of soil soil, quick acting P, quick acting K, all N, nitrate N and ammonia N content have been improved under the comprehensive breeding model of rice shelled turtle, of which N, nitrate N and ammonia N content have been improved significantly (P0.05). The results show that rice Tanaka introduced cultured turtle can improve soil and improve soil nutrients. Compared with Inada Saku (R-M), the structure of bacterial community in the surface and rhizosphere soil of rice field was significantly different from that in the soil of rice and turtle co cropping group (R-T). The microbial richness and diversity of the soil in the surface and root of the rice field were higher than that in the single cropping group. Compared with the R-M, the nitration of green bending bacteria in the surface soil of R-T was nitrification. The relative abundance of the Spira and bacilli increased, and the relative abundance of the Proteus gates and the bacteriobacteria decreased, while in the root soil, the relative abundance of the nitrifying spirals, the bacteriobacteria and the deformable bacteria in the R-M group increased, while the relative abundance of the phylum green gate and the acid bacilli decreased. The main dominant bacteria in the paddy soil were the genus A (A). Cidobacteria bacterium_uncultured), nitrifying monomonas (Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured), nitrifying Spira (Nitrospiraceae_uncultured), Bacillus subteris (Geobacter), buds (Gemmatimonadaceae_uncultured) and Xanthomonas (Xanthomonadales_norank), including nitrous monomonas (Nitrosomonadaceae_u) genus (Nitrosomonadaceae_u). Ncultured), nitrifying spirillus (Nitrospiraceae_uncultured), the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadaceae_uncultured and Acidobacteria bacterium_uncultured (P0.05) in the two models of the surface soil (P0.05), Nitrospiraceae_uncultured and Geobacter (Geobacter). The relative abundance in the root soil was significantly different (P0.05).OUT Venn map. PCA analysis and cluster analysis all showed that after the introduction of the cultivated turtle in the paddy field, the root and surface soil bacteria community in the paddy field had a more obvious difference, and the difference in the structure and composition of the surface soil in the rice field was more different than that of the soil bacteria group in the rice field. .CCA analysis showed that the structure of soil microbial community had a good correlation with soil organic matter, available phosphorus, NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N content.4. The sequencing results of the nitrogen fixing bacteria gene nifH of rice roots showed that the two types of nitrogen fixing bacteria were mainly slow rooting fungi (Bradyrhizobium) and Bacillus subgenus (Geobacter). Desulfovibrio, Desulfuromonas, Halorhodospira, Azotobacter, Desulfobulbus, Methylomonas, Azospirillum, Pseudacidovorax, Anaeromyxobacter, Sideroxydans, these are 13 types, and they are in different patterns and in different patterns. The diversity index and richness index of soil nitrogen fixing microorganisms in the paddy field were improved after the introduction of the cultured turtle. The introduction of the cultured shelled turtle significantly affected the diversity and richness of the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root soil of the paddy field, but these effects were different.PCA and accumulation between the two models and the different growth stages. The results of the analysis showed that the growth period and planting pattern of paddy rice had an effect on the soil nitrogen fixing microorganisms in the paddy field, and the former had greater influence.
【學位授予單位】：上海海洋大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S966.5;S511

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