本文選題：黃瓜 + 多倍體�。� 參考：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：黃瓜具有重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,是人們喜愛的蔬菜之一。其栽培歷史悠久,近年來(lái),隨著黃瓜栽培面積的增加,人們對(duì)黃瓜品種質(zhì)量的要求提高,迫切需要新的黃瓜種質(zhì)資源,而植物多倍體可產(chǎn)生新的變異。多倍體植株具有生長(zhǎng)健壯、抗逆性增強(qiáng)、果實(shí)增大以及營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量高等特點(diǎn),因此可用它來(lái)改良作物品質(zhì)和抗逆性,從而提高作物產(chǎn)量。本研究以普通黃瓜二倍體(2n=2x=14)、同源三倍體(2n=3x=21)及四倍體(2n=4x=28)為材料,對(duì)其進(jìn)行形態(tài)學(xué)、解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、光合特性和抗逆等方面的觀察研究,來(lái)探明多倍體黃瓜生理生化方面的基本特征,通過對(duì)其研究尋找黃瓜育種的新材料。本研究成果既可豐富黃瓜種質(zhì)資源,也可以為選育高產(chǎn)高抗優(yōu)質(zhì)的黃瓜品種提供材料。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1、不同倍性黃瓜外部形態(tài)學(xué)差異較大。與二倍體黃瓜比較,四倍體黃瓜子葉和真葉厚而肥大、色深,植株的莖和葉柄增粗,葉片、花瓣、種子增大,單果重增加;而三倍體植株的真葉變大,莖和葉柄增粗,葉片、雄花花瓣增大,種子增大,子房和單果重?zé)o顯著變化。2、不同倍性黃瓜莖葉解剖結(jié)構(gòu)差異較大。隨黃瓜倍性的增加,葉片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、柵欄組織、海綿組織、柵海比和葉柄的表皮厚度、皮層厚度、維管束面積、導(dǎo)管數(shù)目以及莖的表皮厚度、皮層厚度、維管束面積有增加的趨勢(shì)。3、不同倍性黃瓜光合特性不同。以單位葉面積計(jì)算的葉綠素含量隨倍性增加而增加,葉綠素a、葉綠素b、類胡蘿卜素和總?cè)~綠素的含量均是四倍體最高、三倍體次之、二倍體最低。不同倍性黃瓜的凈光合速率日變化曲線表現(xiàn)為雙峰型,都存在光合“午休”現(xiàn)象,峰值出現(xiàn)在10:00和13:00左右,第二峰值小于第一峰值。三倍體光合能力最強(qiáng),而四倍體光合能力最低。4、四倍體花粉的可染率和萌發(fā)率僅為68.8%和43.6%,而二倍體的可染率和萌發(fā)率為94.4%和80.6%,二倍體大于四倍體,差異性極顯著。5、三倍體和四倍體黃瓜果實(shí)維生素C、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、氨基酸等含量均高于二倍體,表明多倍體黃瓜營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量高于二倍體。6、二倍體自交座果率和單瓜種子數(shù)均比四倍體高。在四倍體為父本、二倍體為母本的雜交組合中,雜交座果率和單瓜種子數(shù)比較高,反之則雜交座果率和單瓜種子數(shù)比較低。7、三倍體F_1黃瓜早期產(chǎn)量和總產(chǎn)量比二倍體F_1黃瓜分別增加了33.70%和22.69%,差異性極顯著。商品性狀三倍體F_1比二倍體F_1好,因此可知,三倍體F_1比二倍體F_1更適合用于生產(chǎn)。8、不同倍性黃瓜抗性不同,四倍體黃瓜植株抗白粉病和霜霉病能力比三倍體強(qiáng),三倍體又比二倍體強(qiáng)。四倍體和三倍體的耐低溫能力比二倍體強(qiáng)。
[Abstract]:Cucumber has important economic value and is one of the favorite vegetables. It has a long cultivation history. In recent years, with the increase of cucumber cultivation area, the quality of cucumber varieties is required to be improved, and new cucumber germplasm resources are urgently needed, and the plant polyploid can produce new variation. Polyploid plants have the characteristics of strong growth, enhanced resistance to stress, increased fruit size and high nutrient content, so it can be used to improve crop quality and stress resistance, thereby increasing crop yield. In this study, the basic physiological and biochemical characteristics of polyploid cucumber were studied by observing its morphology, anatomical structure, photosynthetic characteristics and stress resistance. A new material for cucumber breeding was studied. The results can not only enrich cucumber germplasm resources, but also provide materials for breeding cucumber varieties with high yield, high resistance and good quality. The main results were as follows: 1. Different ploidy cucumber had different external morphology. Compared with diploid cucumber, tetraploid cucumber cotyledons and true leaves were thicker and thicker in color, stem and petiole thickened, leaves, petals and seeds enlarged, and fruit weight increased, while triploid plants had larger true leaves, larger stems and petioles, and larger leaves. The male flower petals increased, the seeds increased, the ovary and single fruit weight did not change significantly. The anatomical structure of different ploidy cucumber stems and leaves differed greatly. With the increase of cucumber ploidy, leaf thickness, upper epidermis thickness, lower epidermis thickness, palisade tissue, sponge tissue, grid sea ratio and petiole epidermis thickness, cortical thickness, vascular bundle area, vessel number, stem epidermis thickness, cortical thickness, The area of vascular bundle increased. 3. The photosynthetic characteristics of different ploidy cucumber were different. The chlorophyll content per unit leaf area increased with the increase of ploidy. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll were the highest in tetraploid, followed by triploid and lowest in diploid. The diurnal variation curve of net photosynthetic rate of different ploidy cucumber showed double peak type, and all had the phenomenon of "midday depression" of photosynthesis. The peak appeared at 10:00 and 13:00, and the second peak value was less than the first peak value. The photosynthetic ability of triploid was the highest, while the photosynthetic ability of tetraploid was the lowest. The staining rate and germination rate of tetraploid pollen were only 68.8% and 43.6%, while those of diploid were 94.4% and 80.6.The diploid was larger than tetraploid. The contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble protein and amino acid in triploid and tetraploid cucumber fruit were higher than those in diploid cucumber. The results showed that the nutrient content of polyploid cucumber was higher than that of diploid. In the hybrid combinations with tetraploid as male parent and diploid as female parent, the fruit setting rate and seed number of single melon were higher than that of tetraploid. On the contrary, the fruit setting rate and seed number of single melon were lower. The early yield and total yield of triploid F1 cucumber increased 33.70% and 22.69% than that of diploid F-1 cucumber, respectively, and the difference was very significant. Triploid F1 is better than diploid F1. Therefore, triploid F1 is more suitable than diploid F1 for production of .8. different ploidy cucumber has different resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew, and tetraploid cucumber has stronger resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew than triploid. Triploid is stronger than diploid. The low temperature tolerance of tetraploid and triploid was stronger than that of diploid.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S642.2

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