本文選題：行距 + 夏玉米��； 參考：《河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：黃淮海是我國(guó)玉米主產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,多樣化種植方式與目前主流玉米收割機(jī)行距要求矛盾突出,嚴(yán)重制約該區(qū)玉米機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)的有效利用。因此,在黃淮海地區(qū)統(tǒng)一種植行距對(duì)玉米現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)有重要意義。為了建立既能夠高效利用自然資源又能適宜機(jī)械化統(tǒng)一操作的行距配置方式,連續(xù)3年(2012-2014)在大田條件下以3個(gè)不同株高類型的玉米雜交種為材料(中稈品種鄭單958,高稈品種先玉335和矮稈品種512-4(新單65)),設(shè)置2個(gè)種植密度(60000株·hm-2和75000株·hm-2),研究了5種行距配置方式(50 cm、60 cm、70cm、80 cm等行距和80+40 cm寬窄行)對(duì)玉米資源利用的影響。主要結(jié)果如下:1行距配置方式對(duì)夏玉米產(chǎn)量的影響不同株高類型品種在60000株·hm-2密度下以60和70 cm行距處理具有相對(duì)較高的產(chǎn)量,且60 cm與70 cm行距處理間產(chǎn)量差異不顯著;75000株·hm-2下,不同株高類型品種均以60 cm等行距處理時(shí)具有相對(duì)較高的產(chǎn)量�？偟膩�(lái)看,不同株高類型品種和密度下,60 cm行距處理的平均產(chǎn)量最高,比50 cm、70 cm、80 cm等行距和80+40 cm寬窄行處理分別高2.86%、1.59%、5.71%和3.88%,與50 cm、70 cm等行距和寬窄行處理間差異不顯著,但顯著高于80 cm等行距處理。2行株距配置方式對(duì)玉米植株形態(tài)的影響不同株高類型品種在相同密度下,隨行距擴(kuò)大,株高、穗位高升高,株高系數(shù)和莖粗減小,葉片變長(zhǎng)變窄,并向行間延伸,趨向與種植行垂直;穗部葉片莖葉夾角變大,葉向值減小,葉面積指數(shù)呈降低趨勢(shì);根重有增大的趨勢(shì),形態(tài)發(fā)生變化,向行間延伸增多。與其他行距處理相比,60 cm等行距處理具有相對(duì)較大的的葉面積指數(shù)、莖粗和根重,相對(duì)較小的株高系數(shù)和葉向值,基部莖節(jié)較短,有利于群體抗倒能力的提高,株型變得緊湊,葉片相互間遮擋減少,分布合理,在一定程度上有利于群體葉片持綠性和耐密性的提高。3行株距配置方式對(duì)玉米群體內(nèi)微氣象因子的影響不同株高類型品種在相同密度下,隨行距擴(kuò)大,冠層透光性逐漸變好,冠層內(nèi)CO2濃度升高,溫、濕度降低,中上部冠層光照截獲率顯著降低。與其他行距處理相比,60、70 cm等行距處理,中下部冠層受光較好,光能截獲率相對(duì)較大,冠層光能分布相對(duì)合理,能夠有效地促進(jìn)中下部冠層利用和截獲光能資源。4行距配置方式對(duì)玉米水肥資源吸收與積累的影響不同株高類型品種在兩個(gè)密度下,隨行距擴(kuò)大,水分蒸發(fā)加快,土壤含水量呈降低趨勢(shì),土壤銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮積累量逐漸降低,地上部植株的氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分吸收利用效率也呈降低趨勢(shì)。其中,60 cm等行距處理與其他行距處理相比,養(yǎng)分吸收利用效率相對(duì)較高,有利于產(chǎn)量的提高。5行株距配置方式對(duì)群體抗性的影響不同株高類型品種在相同密度下,隨行距擴(kuò)大,蟲(chóng)害率和病株率逐漸降低,適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大種植行距能夠使不同品種在不同種植密度下增強(qiáng)群體抗倒性,減輕群體病蟲(chóng)害的發(fā)生機(jī)率。其中,60 cm等行距處理具有相對(duì)較好的群體抗逆性。上述結(jié)果表明,60 cm等行距配置方式對(duì)能夠協(xié)調(diào)高密度下地上部與地下部冠層形態(tài)和水肥及光能資源的吸收利用,為產(chǎn)量的形成提供良好的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),使個(gè)體和群體增產(chǎn)潛力得以充分發(fā)揮,獲得較高的產(chǎn)量,可作為目前和未來(lái)玉米機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的種植行距推廣應(yīng)用。
[Abstract]:The Yellow Huai sea is one of the main producing areas of Maize in China. The contradiction between the diversified planting methods and the line spacing requirements of the current main maize harvester has seriously restricted the effective utilization of the mechanized harvesting technology of Maize in this area. Therefore, the unified planting spacing in the Yellow Huai and Huai sea area is of great significance to the modern production of corn. For 3 years (2012-2014), 3 maize hybrids of different plant and high types were used as materials (Zhengdan 958, high stem variety Yu 335 and dwarf variety 512-4 (new single 65)) under field conditions for 3 years (2012-2014), and 2 planting densities (60000 plants, hm-2 and 75000 plants and hm-2) were set up, and 5 species were studied. The influence of row spacing (50 cm, 60 cm, 70cm, 80 cm etc. distance and 80+40 cm wide narrow row) on the utilization of maize resources. The main results are as follows: the effect of 1 row spacing on the yield of summer maize is relatively high yield under 60 and 70 cm spacing under 60000 plant and hm-2 density, and 60 cm and 70 cm row spacing treatment. There was no significant difference in yield between 75000 plants and hm-2. The high yield of different plant varieties with 60 cm and other rows was relatively high. On the whole, the average yield of 60 cm row spacing was highest, which was 2.86%, 1.59%, 5.71% and 3. higher than 50 cm, 70 cm, 80 cm and 80+40 cm width. 88%, the difference of distance between 50 cm and 70 cm was not significant, but it was significantly higher than that of 80 cm. It tends to be perpendicular to the planting line. The angle of the stem and leaf of the panicle leaves becomes larger, the leaf direction is reduced, the leaf area index shows a decreasing trend, the root weight has a tendency to increase, the shape changes and extends to the interline. Compared with other row spacing treatment, the 60 cm distance treatment has relatively large leaf area index, stem diameter and root weight, relatively small plant height line. The number and leaf orientation value, the stem node of the base is shorter, it is beneficial to the improvement of the colony resistance ability, the plant type becomes compact, the shade between the leaves is reduced, the distribution is reasonable, to a certain extent, it is beneficial to the green and the tighten resistance of the group leaves to a certain extent, the effect of.3 row spacing on the micrometeorological factors in the maize population is the same. Under the density, the translucency of the canopy gradually becomes better, the CO2 concentration in the canopy increases, the temperature and humidity decrease, and the light interception rate of the upper and middle canopy decreases significantly. Compared with other row spacing treatment, 60,70 cm and other row spacing are better, the light energy interception rate is larger, the light energy distribution of the canopy is relatively reasonable, and can effectively promote the canopy light distribution. The effects of.4 row spacing on the absorption and accumulation of maize water and fertilizer resources in the middle and lower canopy layers were affected by different plant height types at two densities. The water evaporation was accelerated, soil water content was reduced, the soil ammonium nitrogen and nitrate accumulation of soil decreased gradually, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the upper plants were raised. The absorption and utilization efficiency also showed a decreasing trend. Among them, 60 cm row spacing treatment compared with other row spacing treatment, nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency was relatively high, which was beneficial to the increase of yield. The effect of.5 row spacing on population resistance was affected by different plant height varieties at the same density, and the random distance was enlarged, and the pest rate and plant rate gradually decreased. The extended planting spacing can enhance the population resistance and reduce the incidence of population disease and insect pests at different planting densities. Among them, 60 cm and other row spacing have relatively good population resistance. The above results show that the 60 cm row spacing configuration can coordinate the upper and underground canopy morphology of high density under high density. The absorption and utilization of water and fertilizer and light energy resources provide a good material basis for the formation of yield, making the potential of increasing production potential of individuals and groups to full play and obtaining higher yield, which can be used as the extension and application of planting spacing in the present and future mechanized production of maize.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S513

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