發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-28 07:10

  本文選題：氧化物納米材料　切入點(diǎn)：土壤微生物群落　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：由于氧化物納米材料具有獨(dú)特的化學(xué)和物理性質(zhì),從而被廣泛應(yīng)用。隨著其應(yīng)用越來越廣泛,氧化物納米材料將不可避免地被釋放到土壤環(huán)境中。由于土壤微生物群落在地球上的許多生物地球化學(xué)過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,因此研究氧化物納米顆粒暴露對(duì)土壤微生物群落的影響是至關(guān)重要的。為了表征其影響,我們以3種典型的氧化物納米材料(CuO,SiO_2和Al_2O_3納米材料)作為研究對(duì)象,模擬氧化物納米材料進(jìn)入土壤中的環(huán)境條件,探究了3種納米材料在不同濃度(0.5,1.0和2.0 mg·g-1))、不同處理時(shí)間(15 d和30 d)下對(duì)兩種土壤(黑土和鹽堿土)的土壤酶活的影響,并且采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù)(qPCR)和高通量測(cè)序技術(shù),探究了高濃度的氧化銅納米材料在不同處理時(shí)間下對(duì)兩種土壤細(xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,以期揭示氧化物納米材料在不同尺度下與土壤微生物群落的相互關(guān)系,科學(xué)評(píng)估氧化物納米材料的土壤環(huán)境生態(tài)及健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而為納米材料泄露對(duì)土壤生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理提供理論依據(jù),進(jìn)而推動(dòng)納米科技健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)土壤酶活性對(duì)不同的納米材料的敏感性不同。CuO納米材料的毒性最大,緊隨其后的是SiO_2納米材料,Al_2O_3納米材料對(duì)土壤酶活性的抑制作用最小。(2)納米材料對(duì)土壤酶活性的影響呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴效應(yīng),隨濃度的增加呈現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)。(3)Al_2O_3納米材料對(duì)黑土脲酶抑制效應(yīng)是短暫的,說明在培養(yǎng)過程中,土壤微生物群落可能產(chǎn)生了適應(yīng)納米材料處理的耐受機(jī)制。(4)SiO_2納米材料對(duì)黑土磷酸酶的促進(jìn)作用以及對(duì)黑土過氧化氫酶的抑制作用僅在納米材料長(zhǎng)時(shí)間(培養(yǎng)第30 d)暴露下出現(xiàn),說明納米材料對(duì)酶活的影響可能存在潛伏期。(5)與黑土相比,鹽堿土的土壤酶活性更易受納米材料的影響。(6)CuO納米材料降低了鹽堿土土壤細(xì)菌群落大小和多樣性,但對(duì)黑土土壤細(xì)菌群落大小和多樣性無顯著影響。(7)CuO納米材料改變了兩種土壤類型中的土壤微生物群落組成,但物種組成有不同的變化。在鹽堿土中,氧化銅納米材料對(duì)土壤細(xì)菌群落的影響以抑制方式占主導(dǎo),而在黑土中,氧化銅納米材料對(duì)絕大多數(shù)細(xì)菌群落表現(xiàn)出了耐受效應(yīng)和促進(jìn)效應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:Oxide nanomaterials are widely used because of their unique chemical and physical properties. Oxide nanomaterials will inevitably be released into the soil environment because soil microbial communities play an important role in many biogeochemical processes on Earth. Therefore, it is important to study the effects of oxide nanoparticles exposure on soil microbial communities. In order to characterize the effects, we studied three typical oxide nanomaterials, CuOSiO2 and Al_2O_3 nanomaterials. In order to simulate the environmental conditions of oxide nanomaterials entering into soil, the effects of three kinds of nanomaterials on the soil enzyme activity of two soils (black soil and saline-alkali soil) were studied under different concentrations of 0.5g ~ (-1) and 2.0 mg / g ~ (-1) and different treatment time (15 d and 30 d). The effects of high concentration copper oxide nanomaterials on the community structure of two kinds of soil bacteria were studied by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing. In order to reveal the relationship between oxide nanomaterials and soil microbial communities at different scales, and to assess scientifically the soil ecological and health risks of oxide nanomaterials, Therefore, it can provide theoretical basis for soil ecological risk management by nanometer material leakage. The main results are as follows: 1) soil enzyme activity has different sensitivity to different nanomaterials. CuO nanomaterials have the greatest toxicity. The SiO_2 nanomaterials, Al2O3 nanomaterials, had the least inhibitory effect on soil enzyme activity. (2) the effects of SiO_2 nanomaterials on soil enzyme activity showed a dose-dependent effect. The enhancement effect was observed with the increase of concentration. The inhibitory effect of Al2O3 nano-material on urease in black soil was transient, which indicated that in the process of culture, The soil microbial community may have a tolerant mechanism adapted to the treatment of nanomaterials. The promoting effect of nano-materials on phosphatase in black soil and the inhibition of catalase in black soil appeared only after exposure to nano-materials for a long time (30 days of culture). The results showed that the effect of nanomaterials on enzyme activity might exist in incubation period. (5) compared with black soil, soil enzyme activity of saline-alkali soil was more susceptible to the influence of nanomaterials. CuO nanomaterials reduced the size and diversity of soil bacterial communities in saline-alkali soils. However, there was no significant effect on the size and diversity of bacterial community in black soil. CuO nanomaterials changed the composition of soil microbial communities in two soil types, but the species composition was different. The effect of copper oxide nanomaterials on soil bacterial communities was dominated by inhibition, while in black soil, copper oxide nanomaterials showed tolerance and promotion effects on most bacterial communities.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TB383.1;S154.3

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