本文選題：微生物菌劑　切入點(diǎn)：氨揮發(fā)　出處：《中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：微生物菌劑是種綠色環(huán)保的新型肥料,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)作為植物促生劑和生防劑投入實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中。植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)根際細(xì)菌(Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria)和植物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)真菌(Plant growth promoting fungi)是土壤中的兩類重要微生物菌群,也是常被用來(lái)制備微生物菌劑的微生物材料。本研究以氨揮發(fā)較為嚴(yán)重的中國(guó)北方堿性土壤(pH 8.37-8.43)為研究對(duì)象,研究并對(duì)比三種不同微生物菌劑和傳統(tǒng)化肥的配施對(duì)堿性土壤氨揮發(fā)減排效果的差異,并從土壤pH、植物生長(zhǎng)狀況和土壤硝化作用三個(gè)角度分析微生物菌劑的控氨機(jī)理。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中施用兩類微生物肥分別為,真菌類微生物菌劑綠色木霉菌(Trichoderma viride),細(xì)菌類微生物菌劑解淀粉芽孢桿菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和多粘類芽孢桿菌(Bacilluspolymyxa),通過(guò)對(duì)比兩類微生物菌劑控氨效果的差異,研究微生物菌劑類型對(duì)土壤氨揮發(fā)的影響。除此之外,實(shí)驗(yàn)利用定量PCR技術(shù)和高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)分析微生物菌劑的施用對(duì)土壤微生物數(shù)量和種群結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。研究得到以下結(jié)論:(1)微生物菌劑對(duì)堿性土壤氨揮發(fā)的影響不論是施用微生物菌劑還是傳統(tǒng)化肥,其土壤氨揮發(fā)變化規(guī)律類似。它們均在施肥后的幾天內(nèi)出現(xiàn)氨揮發(fā),隨著時(shí)間的推移,氨揮發(fā)速率逐漸升高至峰值,隨后氨揮發(fā)速率開始下降,直至穩(wěn)定。在整個(gè)試驗(yàn)期間,所有微生物菌劑處理均能在一定程度上減少土壤氨揮發(fā),其中真菌類微生物菌劑綠色木霉菌的控氨效果最佳,氨揮發(fā)量相比尿素(CK)處理降低42.21%;微生物菌劑解淀粉芽孢桿菌和多粘類芽孢桿菌的控氨效果較弱,氨揮發(fā)量分別降低20.28%和13.81%。(2)微生物菌劑降低土壤氨揮發(fā)的作用機(jī)理探討土壤pH、植物對(duì)氮素的吸收利用、土壤硝化作用等都是影響土壤氨揮發(fā)的關(guān)鍵因素。本研究從這三個(gè)角度,詳細(xì)分析了微生物菌劑降低土壤氨排放的可能機(jī)制。首先,pH是影響土壤氨揮發(fā)速率的關(guān)鍵因素之一,其值越高,氨揮發(fā)速度越快,微生物菌劑的施用降低氨揮發(fā)速率峰值期間的土壤pH值;其次,微生物菌劑能夠促進(jìn)高粱的生長(zhǎng),這既提高了作物生物量,減少了土壤氨排放;最后,微生物菌劑能夠通過(guò)提高硝化菌群的豐度增強(qiáng)土壤硝化作用,促進(jìn)NH4+-N轉(zhuǎn)化生成N03-N形式,減少氮素?fù)p失。(3)微生物菌劑對(duì)土壤微生物豐度和群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響施用微生物菌劑后,所有處理組的土壤微生物群落豐度和結(jié)構(gòu)組成都發(fā)生明顯改變。其中,真菌類微生物菌劑綠色木霉菌的施用不但提高了土壤微生物群落豐度,同時(shí)也增加了微生物群落多樣性;細(xì)菌類微生物菌劑解淀粉芽孢桿菌和多粘類芽孢桿菌的施用雖然也提高了土壤微生物豐度,但是其微生物組成多樣性降低。這說(shuō)明施用不同類型的微生物菌劑對(duì)土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生的影響也會(huì)有所不同。
[Abstract]:Microbial agents are a new type of fertilizer that is green and environmentally friendly. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteriae and Plant growth promoting fungida are two important microbial groups in soil. In this study, pH 8.37-8.43 of alkaline soil in northern China, where ammonia volatilization is more serious, was used as the research object. To study and compare the effect of three different microbial agents and traditional chemical fertilizer on ammonia volatilization emission reduction in alkaline soil. The ammonia control mechanism of microbial agents was analyzed from three aspects of soil pH, plant growth and soil nitrification. Trichoderma viridea, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensus), Trichoderma viridea (Trichoderma viridea), Bacillus polymyxaanus (Bacillus polymyxaanus) and Bacillus polymyxaan (Bacillus polymyxaanus) were compared. To study the effect of microbial agent types on soil ammonia volatilization. Quantitative PCR technique and high throughput sequencing technique were used to analyze the effect of microbial agents on soil microbial quantity and population structure. The following conclusion is drawn: 1) the effect of microbial agent on ammonia volatilization in alkaline soil is not obvious. On the use of microbial agents or traditional chemical fertilizers, The changes of ammonia volatilization in soil were similar. Ammonia volatilization occurred in the first few days after fertilization. With the passage of time, the ammonia volatilization rate gradually increased to the peak, and then the ammonia volatilization rate began to decrease until it was stable. All microbial agents could reduce ammonia volatilization in soil to some extent, and the best ammonia control effect was obtained by Trichoderma viride, a fungus microorganism agent. Ammonia volatilization was 42.21 lower than urea CK) treatment, and the ammonia control effect of Bacillus amylolyticus and Bacillus polymyxides was weak. Reduction of ammonia volatilization by 20.28% and 13.81.The mechanism of ammonia volatilization in soil by microbial bacteria was discussed. Soil pH, nitrogen uptake and utilization by plants and soil nitrification were all the key factors affecting ammonia volatilization in soil. The possible mechanism of reducing soil ammonia emission by microbial bacteria was analyzed in detail. First of all, pH was one of the key factors affecting soil ammonia volatilization rate. The higher the soil ammonia volatilization rate, the faster the ammonia volatilization rate. The application of microbial bacteria can reduce the soil pH during the peak ammonia volatilization rate. Secondly, microbial bacteria can promote the growth of sorghum, which not only increases crop biomass, but also reduces soil ammonia emission. Microbial agents could enhance soil nitrification by increasing the abundance of nitrifying bacteria, promote the transformation of NH4 -N to form N03-N, and reduce the nitrogen loss. 3) the effect of microbial agents on soil microbial abundance and community structure was studied. The abundance and structure of soil microbial community in all treatment groups were obviously changed. The application of fungus microorganism agent Trichoderma viride not only increased the abundance of soil microbial community, but also increased the diversity of microbial community. The application of bacterial microorganism agents, Bacillus amylolyticus and Bacillus polymyxis, also increased the soil microbial abundance. However, the diversity of microorganism composition was decreased, which indicated that the effect of different microbial agents on the soil microbial community structure would be different.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S144

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