本文關(guān)鍵詞： 長顎斗蟋 打斗策略 打斗能力 求偶 性選擇　出處：《中南林業(yè)科技大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：打斗行為作為動物界中普遍存在的一種激烈的身體對抗行為,是個體間解決資源沖突最為常用的手段之一,對動物的生存與繁殖有重要作用,是動物行為學研究的熱點。目前對于昆蟲打斗策略的多樣性缺乏系統(tǒng)研究,打斗能力與雌性選擇間的相關(guān)性尚未明了。雄性蟋蟀的打斗極具代表性,是國際上研究打斗行為的模式昆蟲。本研究調(diào)查了長顎斗蟋Velarifictorus aspersus Waker雄蟲在不同日齡階段和資源環(huán)境下打斗策略的多樣性;檢測了打斗器官和繁殖器官的發(fā)育狀況對打斗能力的影響;比較了雌蟲對打斗獲勝和失敗雄蟲間的交配選擇,及雌蟲交配選擇的收益;并探究了未受精卵對若蟲適應(yīng)能力的影響。主要獲得以下結(jié)果:1.對羽化后不同日齡階段雄蟲打斗等級的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,羽化后2日雄蟲的打斗等級極低,而7-27日內(nèi)雄蟲的打斗等級較高,至羽化后第32日雄蟲的打斗等級下降。說明長顎斗蟋雄蟲的繁殖發(fā)育對其打斗策略具重要影響,性發(fā)育成熟階段打斗激烈,而性發(fā)育未成熟和性器官衰退階段打斗較少。在沒有雌蟲和洞穴的情況下,雄蟲的打斗等級較低,而爭奪洞穴或雌蟲時,雄蟲的打斗等級顯著上升,說明資源價值的提升能提高雄蟲的打斗欲望。另外,爭奪洞穴的打斗等級顯著低于爭奪雌蟲,說明對于長顎斗蟋雄蟲而言,洞穴的價值低于雌蟲。在洞穴的爭奪中,失敗雄蟲需要消耗更多的能量用于另外挖掘洞穴。而在雌蟲的爭奪中,失敗雄蟲會喪失獲得交配的機會。顯然,相對于能量消耗而言,交配機會的喪失代價更高。因此,長顎斗蟋雄蟲在爭奪配偶和爭奪洞穴的相異打斗策略是風險-收益權(quán)衡的結(jié)果。2.對失敗雄蟲不同時間后再次打斗的等級調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,在打斗結(jié)束后24 h內(nèi),失敗雄蟲會避免與獲勝雄蟲打斗,而在打斗結(jié)束后48 h后,其斗性完全恢復。說明打斗失敗會在短期內(nèi)抑制長顎斗蟋雄蟲的再次打斗行為。占有洞穴能夠顯著促進失敗雄蟲的打斗等級,但這種促進效果的維持時間不超過1 h。有意思的是,失敗雄蟲在完成交配后立即打斗時,其斗性沒有恢復,而在交配完成1 h和24 h后,其斗性完全恢復。說明交配與占有洞穴均能促進失敗雄蟲的打斗欲望,但二者的機制可能不同,占有洞穴僅短時間促進雄蟲的打斗欲望,而交配能長時間恢復失敗雄蟲的斗性。3.對獲勝和失敗雄蟲指示打斗武器發(fā)達程度的重要形態(tài)特征的比較表明,獲勝和失敗雄蟲的頭幅、頭重和上顎長度均無顯著差異,說明武器的發(fā)達程度對長顎斗蟋體重相近雄蟲的打斗能力無影響。而對打斗獲勝和失敗雄蟲繁殖器官的發(fā)育狀況比較結(jié)果表明,獲勝和失敗雄蟲的精巢重量無顯著差異,但獲勝雄蟲的附腺重量顯著高于失敗雄蟲。考慮到長顎斗蟋在羽化當日其精巢均已發(fā)育完全,而附腺則在羽化后才開始發(fā)育。因此,附腺的發(fā)育狀況是指示雄蟲繁殖發(fā)育程度的主要指標。這表明長顎斗蟋雄蟲的打斗能力受繁殖器官的發(fā)育狀況影響。4.在打斗結(jié)束后的前2 h內(nèi),獲勝雄蟲的求偶鳴叫率顯著高于失敗雄蟲,而在第3-5和第10-12 h內(nèi),獲勝和失敗雄蟲的求偶鳴叫率均較低,無顯著差異。這說明打斗獲勝經(jīng)歷能短時間促進雄蟲的求偶行為。在打斗結(jié)束后立即進行交配實驗時,雌蟲與獲勝雄蟲的交配率顯著高于失敗雄蟲,而在打斗結(jié)束后第3和第10 h進行交配實驗時,雌蟲與獲勝或失敗雄蟲的交配率無顯著差異。說明打斗獲勝經(jīng)歷對雄蟲短時間的求偶促進作用能提高其被雌蟲的交配選擇機會。5.雌蟲對獲勝和失敗雄蟲的精包存留時間無顯著差異,且雌蟲與獲勝或失敗雄蟲交配后的產(chǎn)卵量和孵化若蟲數(shù)均無顯著差異,說明打斗經(jīng)歷對雌蟲的交配后選擇及繁殖收益無影響。由于長顎斗蟋存在多次交配行為,因此本研究對雌蟲與獲勝或失敗雄蟲多次交配后的產(chǎn)卵量和孵化量亦進行了比較,但均無顯著差異。說明打斗行為并未影響雄蟲的多次交配能力。另外,多次交配對雌蟲的產(chǎn)卵量無促進作用,但與一次交配相比,二次或三次交配后雌蟲的若蟲孵化率顯著升高,說明多次交配行為對長顎斗蟋雌蟲的繁殖適合度具促進作用。6.在實驗過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)長顎斗蟋雌蟲即使在多次交配后,仍有相當比例的卵未能孵化,因而,檢測了未受精卵對若蟲適應(yīng)能力的影響。結(jié)果表明,不管是否存在其他食物,若蟲均取食未受精卵。在未提供其他食物時,取食未受精卵能夠提供足夠的營養(yǎng)供若蟲發(fā)育至下一齡期。因此,未受精卵對于提高若蟲在食物短缺條件下的存活能力極為重要。此外,在群體飼養(yǎng)條件下,取食未受精卵能為若蟲提供額外的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),從而促進若蟲的生長發(fā)育。顯然,對母代而言,產(chǎn)未受精卵能夠增加其后代的適應(yīng)能力。
[Abstract]:A fierce physical confrontation behavior, fighting behavior as ubiquitous in the animal world, between individuals to solve resource conflict is one of the most commonly used means, plays an important role in the survival and reproduction of animal, is the focus of the animal behavior research. The systematic research on the diversity of insect fighting strategies lack of relevance, and fighting ability the female choice is not yet clear. Fighting representative male crickets, is the model insect fighting behavior research in the world. This study investigated the diversity of long jaw cricket fighting strategy Velarifictorus aspersus Waker males at different ages and stages of resource and environment; development status. Effects of fighting organs and reproductive organs the fighting ability; compared to females and males failed to win fights between sexual selection, income and female mate choice; and to explore the unfertilized eggs of worms if appropriate Effect of ability. The results were as follows: 1. the investigation on different days after eclosion stage male fighting level showed that 2 days after emergence of male fighting level is very low, but within 7-27 days the fight to higher level, thirty-second days after the emergence of male fighting level descended. Long jaw male cricket the reproductive development of the fighting method an important influence, mature stage of development and fierce fighting, immature and sexual organs recession fighting less. In the absence of female and male of the caves, the fighting level is low, and for the cave or female, male fighting level increased significantly, indicating the value of resources ascension can improve male fighting desire. In addition, for the level was significantly lower than that for cave fighting for female, long jaw male cricket, the cave is worth less than females. In the caves of contention, failure The need to consume more energy for the other mining cave. While in female competition, male failure will lose access to mating opportunities. Obviously, compared with the energy consumption, the loss of more costly mating opportunities. Therefore, long jaw in different male cricket fighting strategy for spouses and compete for the cave is the risk return the tradeoff for.2. of display level survey results failed to fight again the different time in the fight, after 24 h, male and male will avoid failure in the fight and win the fight, after 48 h, the fight to recover completely. That fight again failed fighting behavior will inhibit long jaw cricket in males in the short term. The cave possession could significantly promote the failure of male fighting level, but the effect of the duration of no more than 1 h. interestingly, the failure of males in complete fighting immediately after copulation, the bucket There is no recovery, while mating completed 1 h and 24 h after the fight to recover completely. Mating and possession could promote the failure of cave fighting desire, but the two mechanisms may be different, the cave occupies only a short time to promote the fight desire, and mating can compared long time recovery failure the bucket.3. indicate important morphological characteristics of developed degree of winning weapons to fight and defeat the victory and failure, male head width, there were no significant differences between the head and upper jaw length had no effect on weapons that developed long jaw similar weight of male cricket fighting ability. The development status of the fight and win the failure of male reproductive organs of the comparison results show that there was no significant difference between victory and failure of male testis weight, but won the male accessory gland weight was significantly higher than that of male. Considering the failure of long jaw cricket in the emergence of the testis Have been fully developed, and the accessory gland after emergence began development. Therefore, development of accessory gland is the main index indicating male reproductive development degree. It is proved that the development of the reproductive organs of male long jaw cricket fighting ability effect of.4. in the fight after the end of the first 2 h, winning the male the failure rate was significantly higher than that of male courtship song, and in paragraphs 3-5 and 10-12 h, and the failure of male courtship tweet winning rate is low, no significant difference. This shows that the fight winning experience can be a short time to promote male courtship behavior. In the fight immediately after the end of the experiment when mating, female and male win the mating rate was significantly higher than that in males and third failed in the fight, after the end of H and tenth mating experiments, female and male mating success or failure rate had no significant difference. The fight winning experience for male courtship can promote a short time To improve the female mating opportunities for success and failure of.5. female male spermatophore retention time had no significant difference, there were no significant differences between the female and male mating with the win or failure after spawning and hatching nymphs, that fight experience has no effect on female mating selection and breeding benefits. Due to the long jaw there are many cricket mating behavior, so the fecundity and hatching amount of female and male win or lose after multiple mating also were compared, but there was no significant difference. The fighting behavior did not affect male multiple mating ability. In addition, the fecundity of female multiple mating had no effect, but compared to with a mate, two or three times after mating with female nymphs hatching rate increased significantly, indicating multiple mating behavior of long jaw cricket female reproductive fitness promoting.6. found in the experimental process Jaw cricket even in multiple mating females, there is still a considerable proportion of the eggs failed to hatch, therefore, to detect the unfertilized eggs adaptation effect on nymph. The results show that, regardless of whether there are other food, feeding nymphs were unfertilized eggs. The other did not provide food, feeding the unfertilized eggs can provide enough nutrition for nymphal development to the next instar. Therefore, unfertilized eggs is extremely important to improve the survival ability of nymphs in food shortages conditions. In addition, in the group feeding conditions, feeding the unfertilized eggs can provide additional nutrients for the nymphs, so as to promote the growth and development of nymphs. Obviously, on the parent generation production, unfertilized eggs can increase their offspring's ability to adapt.

【學位授予單位】：中南林業(yè)科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S763
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本文編號：1552209