本文關(guān)鍵詞：日光溫室滴灌水熱調(diào)控對土壤氮素動態(tài)和酶活性及白菜生長的影響　出處：《中國水利水電科學(xué)研究院》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 灌溉水加溫 膜下滴灌 土壤溫度 氮素礦化 土壤酶活性 白菜 產(chǎn)量

【摘要】：土壤水熱條件是影響作物生長和產(chǎn)量的重要因素,也是近年來灌溉調(diào)控和管理研究的關(guān)注熱點。目前,針對土壤水熱調(diào)控的研究和應(yīng)用主要圍繞覆膜滴灌技術(shù)展開,研究內(nèi)容主要集中在覆膜對作物耗水規(guī)律及水分利用的影響等方面,土壤水熱條件變化對滴灌施氮過程及氮素吸收利用影響的研究還很少涉及。此外,對于利用灌溉水溫改變土壤水熱條件,進而調(diào)節(jié)作物生長、養(yǎng)分吸收和產(chǎn)量的研究還十分缺乏,僅有的少量研究集中在利用調(diào)節(jié)灌溉水溫改善寒區(qū)水稻的生長條件和產(chǎn)量方面。為此開展滴灌條件下土壤水熱條件變化對氮素遷移轉(zhuǎn)化及作物吸收過程的研究,揭示不同土壤水熱條件下的滴灌水氮調(diào)控機制,將為滴灌水氮調(diào)控措施在不同土壤水熱條件下的制定提供依據(jù)。本文以白菜(Brassica pekinensis)為研究對象,于2015和2016年開展日光溫室滴灌試驗,考慮土壤溫度調(diào)控措施和施氮量2個因素,土壤溫度調(diào)控措施設(shè)灌溉水加溫(保持在30～35℃)、覆膜、覆膜條件下灌溉水加溫(保持在30～35℃)和無調(diào)節(jié)4個水平,施氮量設(shè)置0、150和300 kg/hm2三個水平。生育期內(nèi)監(jiān)測土壤溫度變化、土壤水氮分布和土壤酶活性變化,定期測定白菜株高、球形指數(shù)、地上部分干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量和吸氮量,研究滴灌水熱調(diào)控和施氮量對土壤水熱、氮素吸收轉(zhuǎn)化和作物生長及產(chǎn)量的影響。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)灌溉水加溫對土壤溫度的調(diào)節(jié)主要體現(xiàn)在灌水過程中,增溫幅度與氣溫有關(guān),在表層10 cm 土壤中最高可達(dá)7℃;灌水結(jié)束后土壤溫度快速下降,4～5h后與無調(diào)節(jié)處理基本一致。灌溉水加溫與覆膜相結(jié)合后,灌水過程中的增溫幅度會增大1～2℃,且在灌水結(jié)束后土壤溫度的下降趨勢變緩。在白菜生育期內(nèi),僅增加灌溉水溫對土壤溫度的影響并不明顯;而覆膜對土壤溫度的影響深度可以達(dá)到30cm,尤其對生育前期的土壤溫度增加明顯,苗期10～30cm 土層的日平均土壤溫度可以增加1.4～2.1℃;而覆膜與增加灌溉水溫的結(jié)合可以明顯提高白菜生育后期的土壤溫度,結(jié)球期10～30cm 土層的日平均土壤溫度可以增加1～3℃。(2)覆膜后0～40cm 土層的土壤含水率有明顯增加。生育期內(nèi)各土層土壤的NO3--N含量都隨施氮量增加而增加。增加灌溉水溫和覆膜都會減少NO2--N在土壤表層的累積量;覆膜可以明顯提高0～20cm表層土壤NH4+-N含量。覆膜可以使0～20cm表層土壤有機氮礦化量提高5.7%～38.7%,并且與增加灌溉水溫的結(jié)合可以對20～40cm深層土壤有機氮礦化量有一定的影響。(3)滴灌水熱調(diào)控措施和施氮量主要影響0～20cm表層土壤脲酶活性;土壤脲酶活性隨施氮量增加而增強;覆膜、增加灌溉水溫和覆膜與增加灌溉水溫的結(jié)合可以使生育期內(nèi)0～20cm表層土壤脲酶活性分別增強12%～17%、8%～15%和18%～30%。施氮量對土壤天門冬酰胺酶活性沒有明顯的影響;覆膜可以使0～20和20～40cm 土層土壤天門冬酰胺酶活性分別增強50%～140%和50%～180%倍;覆膜與增加灌溉水溫的結(jié)合可以使0～20和20～40cm 土層土壤天門冬酰胺酶活性分別增強60%～200%和60%～180%倍。在白菜結(jié)球期,土壤脲酶活性與土壤無機氮含量正相關(guān);在白菜蓮座期和結(jié)球期,土壤天門冬酰胺酶活性與有機氮礦化量和無機氮含量均正相關(guān)。(4)白菜株高隨施氮量增加有增加的趨勢,但在生育后期和收獲時處理間差異逐漸減小;覆膜可以使白菜生育前期的株高明顯增加。覆膜可以通過改善土壤水熱和土壤肥力條件,促進白菜前期生長,提高白菜地上部分干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量和吸氮量,進而提高產(chǎn)量;并且與增加灌溉水溫結(jié)合后,增溫和增產(chǎn)效果更明顯。(5)為了避免因氣溫較高而產(chǎn)生熱害、蟲害等各類病害現(xiàn)象,在滴灌條件下,華北溫室大白菜的播種日期可以推遲半個月左右。為了達(dá)到節(jié)水高產(chǎn)的效果,菜農(nóng)可以在白菜生育前期采用覆膜的栽培方式改善土壤水熱條件,以保證白菜出苗率和前期的生長;在蓮座期之后可以采用覆膜與增加灌溉水溫(保持在30～35℃)結(jié)合的栽培方式提高土壤溫度,以避免因溫度過低影響作物生長和產(chǎn)量的形成。
[Abstract]:The soil water and heat condition is an important factor affecting the growth and yield of crops, but also in recent years focus on irrigation control and management research. At present, the research and application for water temperature regulation of soil around the drip irrigation technology, the study focused on the aspects of crop mulching on water consumption and water use effect, the change of soil water and heat conditions of drip irrigation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of nitrogen process impact studies also rarely involved. In addition, the use of irrigation water temperature change of soil water and heat conditions, and then adjust crop growth, yield and nutrient uptake studies are very scarce and only few studies concentrated in the use of irrigation water temperature regulation to improve the growth of rice in cold region the condition and yield. Therefore research on water and heat conditions, changes in soil under Drip Irrigation on nitrogen transformation and crop absorption process, reveals the different soil water The thermal condition of the drip irrigation water and nitrogen control mechanism for drip irrigation and nitrogen control measures to provide the basis for the formulation of soil at different hydrothermal conditions. In this paper, Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) as the research object, in 2015 and 2016 to carry out drip irrigation in solar greenhouse experiment, control measures and 2 factors of nitrogen into the soil temperature. The soil temperature control measures with irrigation water heating (maintained at 30 to 35 DEG C), plastic film mulching, irrigation water in different conditions (heating at 30 ~ 35 DEG C) and adjusting the 4 level, the amount of nitrogen is set to 0150 and 300 kg/hm2 three level. Monitoring the growth period variation of soil temperature, soil water and nitrogen the distribution and change of soil enzyme activity, measured cabbage plant height, sphericity index, aboveground dry mass and nitrogen uptake, study and nitrogen fertilizer on soil water and heat thermal regulation of drip irrigation, nitrogen uptake and transformation and crop growth and yield were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: (1 ) irrigation water heating regulation on soil temperature is mainly reflected in the irrigation process, the warming rate and temperature. The 10 cm in the surface soil up to 7 DEG C; after irrigation soil temperature decreased rapidly after 4 ~ 5h and no adjustment process is basically the same. The irrigation water heating combined with plastic mulch, irrigation process in the warming rate will increase 1 to 2 DEG C, and the downward trend in the temperature of soil after irrigation in cabbage. Slow growth period, only increase the influence of irrigation water temperature on soil temperature is not obvious; and the effect of film mulching on soil temperature in depth can reach 30cm, especially on the early growth of the soil temperature increased significantly at the seedling stage, the soil layer of 10 ~ 30cm daily average soil temperature can be increased from 1.4 to 2.1 DEG C; and with the increase of mulching and irrigation water temperature and soil temperature can significantly improve the cabbage growth stage, heading stage in 10 ~ 30cm soil layer, the average soil The soil temperature can be increased by 1 ~ 3 degrees. (2) film after 0 ~ 40cm soil layer soil moisture rate increased significantly. The content of NO3--N in the growth period of each soil layer are increased with the increasing of nitrogen rate. The increase of irrigation water temperature and film will reduce the accumulation of NO2--N in soil surface mulching can significantly improve; 0 ~ 20cm soil NH4+-N content. Film can make the 0 ~ 20cm soil organic nitrogen mineralization increased by 5.7% ~ 38.7%, and with increased irrigation water temperature of 20 ~ 40cm deep soil organic nitrogen mineralization has certain effect. (3) drip irrigation water heat control measures and nitrogen fertilizer mainly affected 0 ~ 20cm surface soil urease activity; soil urease activity increased with the increase of nitrogen; film mulching and irrigation water temperature and increase with increasing irrigation water temperature can make the growth period of 0 ~ 20cm soil urease activity were increased from 12% to 17%, and from 8% to 15% 18% ~ 30%. nitrogen fertilizer had no obvious effect on soil L-asparaginase activity; film can make 0~20 and 20 ~ 40cm soil were increased from 50% to 140% asparaginase activity and 50% ~ 180% times; with the increase of mulching and irrigation water temperature can make 0~20 and 20 ~ 40cm soil were enhanced asparaginase activity ~ 200% and 60% ~ 60% 180% times. In the period of Chinese cabbage, soil urease activity and soil inorganic nitrogen content in cabbage is related; rosette stage and the heading stage, the soil nitrogen mineralization L-asparaginase activity and organic and inorganic nitrogen content were positively correlated. (4) the cabbage plant height with the increase of nitrogen content increased, but in the late growth stage when the difference between treatment and harvest decreased gradually; mulching can make Chinese cabbage in early growth stage of plant height increased significantly. Mulching can improve the soil fertility condition of water and soil, promote early cabbage The growth of Chinese cabbage increased aboveground dry mass and nitrogen uptake, and yield; and increase irrigation water temperature with increasing temperature, increasing effect is more obvious. (5) in order to avoid high temperature and thermal damage, and other kinds of disease pest phenomenon under drip irrigation, greenhouse cabbage planting in North China the date may be postponed for about half a month. In order to achieve the effect of water saving and high yield, farmers can in the early growth of the Cabbage Cultivation film to improve soil water and heat conditions, to ensure that the rate of emergence and early growth of Chinese cabbage; in the rosette stage can be used after mulching and irrigation water temperature increase (maintained at 30 to 35 DEG C) combined with cultivation method to improve the soil temperature, in order to avoid the low temperature affect crop growth and yield forming.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國水利水電科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S275.6;S634

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