本文選題：空間認(rèn)知 + 心理旋轉(zhuǎn)��； 參考：《中國人民解放軍軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：空間認(rèn)知能力是人類智能的基本成分之一,在智力結(jié)構(gòu)中扮演著相對獨(dú)立的角色。視覺空間表象是空間認(rèn)知能力解決問題的基礎(chǔ),而心理旋轉(zhuǎn)測試作為表象研究中的典型實(shí)驗(yàn)范式,為空間表象研究提供了定量且客觀的方法。隨著研究者們越來越傾向于從信息加工的角度對人類智能進(jìn)行研究,大量研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),心理旋轉(zhuǎn)作為人類空間認(rèn)知加工的基本操作之一,對被試空間認(rèn)知能力有很好的預(yù)測作用。本研究以心理旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)為研究范式,對空間認(rèn)知加工過程的機(jī)制進(jìn)行了深入研究。研究目的是分解心理旋轉(zhuǎn)任務(wù)加工流程,總結(jié)加工流程各步驟之間的關(guān)系,歸納心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工策略,揭示視覺工作記憶不同成分對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工的影響及其機(jī)制,深化對大腦空間認(rèn)知加工機(jī)制的理解。本研究以腦電信號分析技術(shù)為工具,在對行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,利用事件相關(guān)電位(ERP)的高時(shí)間分辨率特性對腦電數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,然后通過計(jì)算事件相關(guān)譜擾動(dòng)(ERSP)和重復(fù)試驗(yàn)間的相位一致性(ITC)對腦電數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行時(shí)頻分析,最后利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低分辨率電磁斷層成像技術(shù)(sLORETA)對腦電數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行電流密度溯源分析。本文主要研究內(nèi)容和結(jié)論如下:通過研究二維與三維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)行為學(xué)特征差異發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)三維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工過程空間表象的操作難度更大,素材到達(dá)目標(biāo)角度的時(shí)間更長,淡化了各角度之間反應(yīng)時(shí)間的差異,整體反應(yīng)時(shí)間明顯高于二維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn);(2)二維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工過程出現(xiàn)“鏡像翻轉(zhuǎn)”的概率高于三維心理旋轉(zhuǎn),平面外旋轉(zhuǎn)過程的參與使二維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)正像和鏡像素材對應(yīng)的行為學(xué)差異更加明顯;(3)二維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工過程更容易受到非心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程的干擾,實(shí)驗(yàn)素材的角度越大,心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工參與程度越高;(4)非線性模型與線性模型相比,能更好地描述心理旋轉(zhuǎn)的線性與非線性特征,并能更有效地識別實(shí)驗(yàn)類型之間與實(shí)驗(yàn)素材類型之間的差異;(5)LBA線性決策模型與傳統(tǒng)的線性和非線性模型相比,可以描述的特征更豐富,視角也更多樣,對正像實(shí)驗(yàn)素材數(shù)據(jù)的擬合效果優(yōu)于鏡像實(shí)驗(yàn)素材,并且對二維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)的行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)擬合效果明顯優(yōu)于三維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)對應(yīng)的行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。通過研究二維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)晚期腦電特征發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)和腦電數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果證明,“鏡像翻轉(zhuǎn)”現(xiàn)象在鏡像實(shí)驗(yàn)素材對應(yīng)的心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程中確實(shí)存在;(2)“鏡像翻轉(zhuǎn)”現(xiàn)象對應(yīng)的平面外旋轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)生在平面內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)之后,而且很有可能既和平面內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程有時(shí)間交叉,也和決策過程有時(shí)間交叉;(3)隨著實(shí)驗(yàn)素材角度增加,平面內(nèi)與平面外旋轉(zhuǎn)過程有平行發(fā)生的趨勢;(4)多個(gè)認(rèn)知過程在心理旋轉(zhuǎn)晚期產(chǎn)生了明顯的交叉,如果以被試做出判斷的時(shí)間為基準(zhǔn),可以更直觀地分析平面內(nèi)與平面外旋轉(zhuǎn)過程的差異,所以研究該階段的行為學(xué)與腦電特征對研究整個(gè)心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程和研究不同素材類型對應(yīng)的心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程差異有重要意義。通過研究不同視覺工作記憶成分對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)腦電特征的影響發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)ERP平均幅值的差異以及α頻段和β頻段腦電去同步化程度的差異證明,客體工作記憶負(fù)荷相比空間工作記憶對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工的影響更顯著,證明了視覺工作記憶子系統(tǒng)的功能性分離;(2)雖然工作記憶負(fù)荷,尤其是客體工作記憶負(fù)荷對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)ERP和ERSP產(chǎn)生了顯著影響,但隨著實(shí)驗(yàn)素材角度的增加和心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工難度的上升,不同實(shí)驗(yàn)類型之間的差異逐漸消失,證明了客體工作記憶更可能對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)空間表象的形成和存儲產(chǎn)生了影響,而不是空間表象的操作過程,即客體工作記憶負(fù)荷并未影響心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工的核心特征,客體工作記憶能力在心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工過程中僅起輔助作用。此外,本文還設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了一種便攜式認(rèn)知能力測試軟件iBrain,通過對其進(jìn)行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化檢驗(yàn)證明:(1)本軟件具有體系相對完整、擴(kuò)展性較高、數(shù)據(jù)收集自動(dòng)化的特點(diǎn);(2)本軟件中雖然個(gè)別類型認(rèn)知能力測試還需要改進(jìn),但是整體測試框架滿足內(nèi)部一致性要求,結(jié)構(gòu)和效標(biāo)關(guān)聯(lián)效度良好,基本滿足認(rèn)知能力測試穩(wěn)定性和準(zhǔn)確性的要求,能夠體現(xiàn)共同的認(rèn)知能力因素,符合智力因素理論的g因素假設(shè);(3)本軟件是上述空間認(rèn)知基礎(chǔ)研究的應(yīng)用之一,在現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會中能夠快速收集和統(tǒng)計(jì)海量數(shù)據(jù),可以作為今后認(rèn)知能力預(yù)測研究的數(shù)據(jù)庫,也可為不同領(lǐng)域的能力評估和人才選拔工作提供參考。綜上所述,研究不同條件下心理旋轉(zhuǎn)認(rèn)知加工過程的行為學(xué)和腦電數(shù)據(jù)特征,對研究大腦空間表象的操作方式以及預(yù)測被試的空間認(rèn)知能力有重要意義。本文從二維與三維心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程的特征差異、正像與鏡像實(shí)驗(yàn)素材對應(yīng)的心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程的特征差異、心理旋轉(zhuǎn)早期與晚期的加工過程特征差異以及視覺工作記憶不同成分對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)加工過程的影響等多個(gè)方面,對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)任務(wù)流程的各階段特征進(jìn)行了深入研究,闡述了心理旋轉(zhuǎn)任務(wù)中各認(rèn)知成分可能發(fā)揮的作用,對心理旋轉(zhuǎn)的不同加工策略及其機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析,深化了對大腦空間認(rèn)知加工機(jī)制的理解,并且對認(rèn)知研究的應(yīng)用方向進(jìn)行了初步探索,為認(rèn)知能力預(yù)測、評估和人才選拔等領(lǐng)域提供了參考手段。
[Abstract]:Spatial cognitive ability is one of the basic components of human intelligence and plays a relatively independent role in the intellectual structure. Visual spatial representation is the basis for solving the problem of spatial cognitive ability. As a typical experimental paradigm in the image study, psychological rotation testing provides a quantitative and objective method for spatial imagery research. People are more and more inclined to study human intelligence from the perspective of information processing. A large number of research results have found that psychological rotation is one of the basic operations of human spatial cognitive processing, and has a good prediction effect on the cognitive ability of the subjects. This study takes the psychological rotation experiment as the research paradigm and the mechanism of spatial cognitive processing. The purpose of this study is to decompose the process of mental rotation task processing, summarize the relationship between the various steps of the processing flow, summarize the cognitive processing strategy of psychological rotation, reveal the influence and mechanism of different components of visual working memory on cognitive processing of mental rotation, and deepen the understanding of the mechanism of cognitive processing in the brain. EEG analysis technology is a tool. Based on the analysis of behavioral data, the EEG data is analyzed by the high time resolution characteristic of event related potential (ERP). Then, the time frequency analysis of EEG data is carried out by calculating event correlation spectrum disturbance (ERSP) and the phase consistency (ITC) between repeated tests. Finally, the standard is low. The current density tracing analysis of EEG data by resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). The main contents and conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) it is found that: (1) the operation of spatial surface images in the process of three-dimensional psychological rotation is more difficult and the material reaches the target angle. The difference between the reaction time between different angles is longer, and the overall reaction time is obviously higher than that of the two-dimensional psychological rotation experiment. (2) the probability of "mirror image reversal" in the cognitive processing process of two-dimensional psychological rotation is higher than the three-dimensional psychological rotation, and the participation of the outer rotation process makes the two-dimensional psychological rotation and the mirror material corresponding to the behavioral science. The difference is more obvious; (3) the cognitive processing process of two-dimensional psychological rotation is more likely to be disturbed by the process of non psychological rotation, the greater the angle of the experimental material, the higher the participation degree of psychological rotation cognitive processing; (4) the linear and nonlinear characteristics of psychological rotation can be better described by the nonlinear model than the linear model, and it can be more effective. The difference between the experimental types and the experimental material types is identified. (5) the LBA linear decision model, compared with the traditional linear and nonlinear model, can describe more rich features and more diverse perspectives. The fitting effect of the experimental data is better than the mirror experiment element, and the behavioral data of the two-dimensional psychological rotation experiment are proposed. The combined effect is obviously better than the behavioral data corresponding to the three dimensional psychological rotation experiment. By studying the advanced EEG characteristics of the two-dimensional psychological rotation, (1) the behavioral data and the results of the EEG data analysis prove that the "mirror image flipping" phenomenon does exist in the mental rotation process corresponding to the mirror experiment material; (2) "mirror image flipping" phenomenon. The corresponding out of plane rotation occurs after the plane rotation, and it is likely to have time cross between the rotating machining process and the decision process. (3) with the increase of the experimental material angle, there is a parallel trend in the plane and out of plane rotation; (4) many cognitive processes are produced in the late psychological rotation. Obviously, if the time of the trial is judged, the difference between the in-plane and out of plane rotation can be analyzed more intuitively, so the study of the behavioral and EEG characteristics at this stage is of great significance to the study of the whole process of mental rotation and the difference of the psychological rotation process corresponding to the different material types. By studying the effects of different visual working memory components on the electroencephalogram characteristics of mental rotation, (1) the difference between the average amplitude of ERP and the difference in the degree of electroencephalography between the alpha frequency and the beta band shows that the working memory load of the object is more significant than the spatial working memory on the mental rotation processing, which proves the visual working memory subsystem. Functional separation of the system; (2) although the working memory load, especially the working memory load of the object, has a significant influence on the psychological rotation of ERP and ERSP, the difference between the different experimental types gradually disappeared with the increase of the experimental material angle and the rise of the difficulty of psychological rotation processing, which proved that the working memory of the object is more likely to be psychologically rotating. The formation and storage of spatial imagery has an impact, not the operation process of spatial imagery, that is, the object working memory load does not affect the core characteristics of mental rotation cognitive processing, and the working memory ability of the object only plays an auxiliary role in the process of psychological rotation cognitive processing. In addition, this paper also designs and implements a portable cognitive energy. The standard test of force testing software iBrain proves that: (1) the software has the characteristics of relatively complete system, high scalability, and automation of data collection. (2) although some types of cognitive ability testing need to be improved in this software, the overall test framework meets the internal consistency requirements, and the structure and the validity of the standard are well associated. Well, it basically meets the requirements of the stability and accuracy of cognitive ability testing, which can reflect the common cognitive ability factors and conform to the g factor hypothesis of the intellectual factor theory. (3) this software is one of the applications of the above spatial cognitive basic research, which can quickly collect and count the massive data in the modern network society, which can be used as a cognitive ability in the future. The database of force prediction research can also provide reference for ability assessment and talent selection in different fields. To sum up, the study of behavioral and EEG data characteristics of psychological rotation cognitive processing under different conditions is of great significance to the study of the operation mode of brain spatial imagery and the spatial cognitive ability of pre test subjects. From the characteristics difference between the two and the three dimensional psychological rotation processing, the difference in the characteristics of the psychological rotation process corresponding to the mirror experiment material, the difference of the process characteristics between the early and late stages of the psychological rotation and the influence of the different components of the visual working memory on the psychological rotation process, and the psychological rotation task The characteristics of various stages of the process are deeply studied, the possible role of each cognitive component in the mental rotation task is expounded, the different processing strategies and mechanisms of psychological rotation are analyzed, and the understanding of the cognitive processing mechanism of the brain is deepened, and the application direction of the cognitive research is preliminarily explored to the cognitive ability. It provides a reference for the field of force prediction, assessment and talent selection.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國人民解放軍軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：R318.04

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