本文關(guān)鍵詞：馬克思主義視域下我國網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義研究　出處：《新疆大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 馬克思主義 民粹主義 網(wǎng)絡(luò) 精英階層 底層民眾

【摘要】：以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為核心的信息革命極大地改變著人類傳統(tǒng)的生活方式、思維方式和行為方式。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)軟、硬件技術(shù)不斷升級換代,網(wǎng)民人數(shù)也急劇增加,據(jù)中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心統(tǒng)計報告顯示,1997年我國上網(wǎng)用戶數(shù)僅為62萬人,截至2015年12月,中國網(wǎng)民規(guī)模達6.88億,中國手機網(wǎng)民規(guī)模達6.20億。如此龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶讓社會思潮在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的傳播也出現(xiàn)了前所未有的發(fā)展態(tài)勢�？梢哉f,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的觸角已經(jīng)延伸到社會各個角落,網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為各種思潮、利益訴求的集散地和意識形態(tài)的較量場。特別是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的開放性、匿名性、分散性、快捷性等特點,極大地拓寬了普通人卷入社會思潮的通道,也極大地釋放了個體能量,包括博客、微博、社交網(wǎng)站以及微信、QQ等即時聊天工具在內(nèi)的“自媒體”,更是讓個人獲得了前所未有的話語權(quán)。而網(wǎng)絡(luò)上話語權(quán)的爭奪則成為民粹主義的一個典型特征。尤其是當前在底層群眾中引發(fā)的嚴重失衡的社會心態(tài),日益焦慮的社會情緒,不斷升級的社會矛盾,扭曲的社會價值準則,使“仇富”與“仇官”成為一種普遍的社會心理。網(wǎng)絡(luò)為民粹主義的情緒發(fā)泄制造新情況�？梢哉f,民粹主義在網(wǎng)絡(luò)的催化下,與現(xiàn)實社會中的民粹主義相互融合,形成一種虛擬與現(xiàn)實相互轉(zhuǎn)換的新態(tài)勢。從本質(zhì)上來說,網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義還不能稱之為成熟的、系統(tǒng)化的具有完備體系的社會思潮,它更多意義上是依托于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等現(xiàn)代技術(shù),由社會轉(zhuǎn)型和媒體變革所誘發(fā)的蔓延于網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論中,以中青年網(wǎng)民為代表的,在價值訴求上具有平等、公平、反抗壓迫等合理因素,而在根底上帶有偏執(zhí)的反精英、反權(quán)威、反智傾向;思維方式上帶有更為極端的草根性、更為直接的參與性、更為強烈的批判性和更為復(fù)雜的非理性特征的一種社會情緒、心理反應(yīng),是一種立場、態(tài)度或行為。網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義和民粹主義之間是一種相互聯(lián)系又相互區(qū)別,同時在虛擬和現(xiàn)實之間相互轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)系,簡單來說兩者是一種網(wǎng)上和網(wǎng)下的關(guān)系。網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義是民粹主義在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的延伸和發(fā)展。民粹主義是網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的現(xiàn)實基礎(chǔ)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的情緒也會隨著網(wǎng)民的傳播蔓延到現(xiàn)實社會中,而民粹主義的基本價值訴求即人民至上、反對權(quán)威和精英、直接參與也同樣在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上被不斷放大。因此,本論文在網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義與民粹主義關(guān)系的研究基礎(chǔ)之上,首先探索了馬克思主義與民粹主義的關(guān)系,馬克思主義經(jīng)典作家對民粹主義持有一種辯證地批判并積極吸收其合理內(nèi)核的態(tài)度,本論文的研究也正是遵循和借鑒馬克思主義的基本態(tài)度和基本原則,針對網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義產(chǎn)生的具體語境在復(fù)雜的社會環(huán)境中,對網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義在我國的勃興進行了探索和研究。其次,重點梳理了網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的興起與發(fā)展歷程,從其載體、主體、客體、引導(dǎo)者來歸納網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的本質(zhì)特征和價值訴求,即以網(wǎng)絡(luò)為平臺,以直接參與、直接民主為表象,建構(gòu)人民這個“平民主體”,然后以話語強占與壟斷的語言形式,和二元對立的敵我思維方式,以群體非理性的行為方式反對精英,消解權(quán)威;從社會情緒的宣泄方式和社會立場的表達方式探析其表現(xiàn)形態(tài),并結(jié)合網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論傳播模型及個案來驗證網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的本質(zhì)特征,歸納網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的發(fā)生機制。以馬克思主義辯證唯物主義的觀點闡明網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義對現(xiàn)實社會的積極作用、直接危害和負面影響。最后,結(jié)合網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義與民粹主義的網(wǎng)上——網(wǎng)下關(guān)系,首先從網(wǎng)上技術(shù)特性、社會心理因素和網(wǎng)下社會階層分化,分析網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義勃興的因素。其次是針對影響因素,由我國社會主義核心價值觀來引領(lǐng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的基本價值訴求,在網(wǎng)上構(gòu)建生態(tài)型網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會,在網(wǎng)下調(diào)整當代社會階層結(jié)構(gòu),以實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的疏導(dǎo)和治理。文章以辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義作為研究的根本方法,結(jié)合定性分析法和個案分析法作為主要研究方法,虛擬和現(xiàn)實相結(jié)合、傳統(tǒng)資源與網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源相結(jié)合的方法,以及綜合傳播學、心理學、社會學等多學科的分析方法,對網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義進行綜合性的探析。同時從動態(tài)的角度考察民粹主義在網(wǎng)絡(luò)和現(xiàn)實中相互作用的規(guī)律。文章的創(chuàng)新之處在于以馬克思主義經(jīng)典作家對俄國民粹主義“辯證地批判地吸收其合理內(nèi)核”的基本態(tài)度探析網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義;同時以網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播理論模型結(jié)合個案歸納民粹主義在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的發(fā)生機制;并結(jié)合現(xiàn)代社會分層理論,分析網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義在經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型期,社會利益分化的背景中,產(chǎn)生的“精英階層—中間階層—社會底層”這種階層模式是引發(fā)網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的根本原因。文章的難點在于對民粹主義和網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義概念及其相互關(guān)系的把握,民粹主義的內(nèi)涵自始至終也沒有一個統(tǒng)一的定義,并且由于它自身的依附性和不確定性,再加之網(wǎng)絡(luò)本身就是一把雙刃劍,網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的內(nèi)涵及其與民粹主義的關(guān)系就更難把握了,所以本論文依然采取從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)特征的抽象概括,考察網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義的興起與發(fā)展。在經(jīng)過理論與實踐的分析之后,我們可以得出這樣的一個結(jié)論:總體上看,我國網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義沒有形成系統(tǒng)的理論和思想體系,也沒有形成有組織的派別,網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義也沒有鮮明的價值訴求和行動綱領(lǐng)。它更多地體現(xiàn)為網(wǎng)民在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上帶有民粹主義思想傾向的一種情緒的宣泄、一種底層立場的表達和一種群體極化的行為方式。在其表現(xiàn)的過程中,也很難單獨實現(xiàn),一般是通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論的形式表達自我訴求,或者與其他主義相結(jié)合,才有可能從網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實的社會動員力量。這種網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義并不是社會的主流社會思潮,雖然其表現(xiàn)出的情緒和觀念仍有一定市場,但相對于馬克思主義來說,它居于思想的次要地位。但是這種思想潛流仍需網(wǎng)民提高警惕,以免其引發(fā)新的社會運動。因此,我們要結(jié)合我國實際,對網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義要高度重視,同時要正視網(wǎng)絡(luò)本身的雙面效應(yīng),既要吸取其合理的一面弘揚正能量,又要合理管控網(wǎng)絡(luò),以社會主義核心價值觀引領(lǐng)和疏導(dǎo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)民粹主義,防止民粹情緒的極端化、簡單化、擴大化,從而建立一個健康的生態(tài)型網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會。
[Abstract]:The Internet as the core of the information revolution has greatly changed people's traditional way of life, way of thinking and behavior. With the network software and hardware technology, constantly upgrading, the number of Internet users has increased dramatically, according to Chinese Internet Center statistics show that in 1997 the number of Internet users in China is only 620 thousand people, as of December 2015, Internet users China the size of up to 688 million, China mobile phone users reached 620 million. Such a large network of users to make social thoughts spread in the network also appeared the development trend of hitherto unknown. We can say that the Internet has extended by extending to every corner of the society, the network has become all kinds of thoughts, battle field interests distribution and especially the ideology. Network openness, anonymity, dispersion, characteristic of efficiency, greatly expanded the ordinary people involved in social thought channel, also greatly release the individual Energy, including blogs, social networking sites and micro-blog, WeChat, QQ and other instant messaging tools, "media", is to let the person to have hitherto unknown discourse. And the network compete for the right to speak has become a typical feature of populism. Especially the serious imbalance current caused in the bottom layer of the masses social mentality, social emotional anxiety is growing, constantly upgrading the social contradictions, distorted social values, the "hatred" and "hatred" has become a common social psychology. The new situation for the network manufacturing populist mood abreacts conditions. It can be said that the network populism in the presence of mutual integration and social reality the populism, the formation of a new trend of virtual reality and mutual conversion. In essence, the network populism also can not be called mature, with a complete system of system of social thought, it More significance is relying on the Internet and other modern technology, caused by social transformation and reform of the media spread in the network of public opinion, to young netizens as the representative, in the pursuit of value with equality, fairness, oppression and reasonable factors, and in the foundation with paranoid anti elite, anti authority, anti intellectualism the way of thinking tendency; with more grassroots extreme, more direct participation, a social mood, more critical and more complex irrational psychological reactions, is a kind of position, attitude or behavior. It is a mutual relationship between network populism and populism and different from each other at the same time, the relationship between mutual conversion between virtual and reality, it is a kind of simple both online and offline. The network populism is the extension and development of populism in the network. The network populism is populism Reality meaning. The network populist mood also with netizens spread to the real society, and the basic value of populism that people first, against the authority and the elite, but also directly involved in the network is constantly enlarged. Therefore, this thesis based on the research of network populism and populist relations, first of all to explore the relationship between Marx and the nationalists, Marx and Engels hold a dialectical criticism and actively absorb the rational kernel of populist attitude, the research of this thesis is to follow the basic attitude and learn from the Marx doctrine and the basic principle, according to the specific context of network populism in the complex social environment, the the exploration and research of network populism in China's emergence. Secondly, it focus on the rise and development of network populism The course, from the carrier, subject, object, nature and value guide to summarize the network populism, which is based on the network platform, to directly participate in, as the representation of direct democracy, the construction of people's "civilian subject", and then to occupy the discourse and the monopoly of the language form, and the two opposite ways of thinking between ourselves and the enemy as a group, irrational behavior against the elite, from the expression of the elimination of authority; social emotional catharsis and social position of the forms, characteristics and combined with the network public opinion propagation model and case to verify the network populism, occurrence mechanism of inductive network populism. The Marx doctrine of dialectical materialism to clarify the positive role of network populism of social reality, direct damage and negative effects. Finally, combined with the network populism and populist Online - net relationship, First of all from the Internet technical characteristics, social psychological factors and network social stratification, factor analysis of network populism flourishing. Second is the basic value of the factors, to lead the network populism by China's socialist core values, build the ecological social network on the Internet, the adjustment of contemporary social class structure in the network, to network populism and governance. The basic method of counseling research to dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the combination of qualitative analysis and case analysis method as the main research methods, and the combination of virtual reality, the traditional method of combining resources and cyber source, and integrated communication, psychology, sociology and other analysis methods a multidisciplinary, comprehensive analysis of the network populism. At the same time from the dynamic perspective of populism in the network and reality interaction With the law. The innovation of this article is to classical writer Marx on the basic attitude of the network populism of Russian Populism "dialectical critically absorbing the reasonable core; the mechanism and network communication theory model based on the network populism case summed up; and combined with the modern theory of social stratification, analysis of network populism in economic transition during the differentiation of the social interests in the background of the" elite class, the middle class - this class at the bottom of society "mode is the root cause of network populism. The difficulty lies on the concept of network populism and the relationship between populism and grasp the connotation of populism from first to last does not have a unified definition, and as a result of attachment and the uncertainty of its own, coupled with the network itself is a double-edged sword, Luo Min The connotation of pure doctrine and its relationship with populism is more difficult to grasp, so this paper still adopts abstraction from phenomenon to essence, examines the rise and development of network populism. After the analysis of theory and practice, we can draw such a conclusion: on the whole, China's network populism not the formation of theory and ideological system, nor the formation of organized factions, there is no value of network populism and programme of action distinct. It embodied a kind of emotion on the Internet with the populist ideological tendency of catharsis, the expression of a bottom stand and a group polarization behavior in. The performance of the process, it is difficult to achieve alone, is generally expressed oneself through the network of public opinion in the form, or in combination with other, can from the network The power of public opinion into the reality of social mobilization. This is not the mainstream of social network populist social thought, although the show emotions and ideas still have a certain market, but compared to the Marx doctrine, it is thought of the secondary position. But the thought undercurrent still need users vigilant, lest it trigger a new social movement. Therefore, we should combine the reality of our country, should attach great importance to the network at the same time to double face effect of populism, the network itself, it is necessary to draw the reasonable side to promote positive energy, and reasonable control of the network, leading and grooming network populism to the socialist core values, to prevent extreme, populist sentiment simplistic, expand thus, the establishment of a healthy ecological network society.

【學位授予單位】：新疆大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：G206;C912.67
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本文編號：1394781