【摘要】：目的：探討哈他瑜伽常用體式的動作特征,為哈他瑜伽的發(fā)展及其在全民健身和康復(fù)醫(yī)學中的應(yīng)用提供科學依據(jù)。 方法：以19名男女瑜伽教練為測試對象,利用三維攝像系統(tǒng)、壓力平板和表面肌電儀等設(shè)備采集6個哈他瑜伽常用體式的運動學、動力學和表面肌電數(shù)據(jù),同時結(jié)合練習者自身因素對體式的動作特征進行綜合評價。 結(jié)果： 1.體式靜態(tài)階段,山式身體角度和足底壓力峰值左右側(cè)的比較有差異；四個體式自身壓力中心在Y軸位移均大于X軸；站立后彎式的前足壓力較大,幻椅式則相反。站立后彎式和輪式在脊柱不同部位的運動幅度有差異。 2.體式變化過程,輪式壓力中心的Y軸位移在不同階段有差異,手拉腳單腿直立式的壓力峰值和壓力中心位移在各階段均無差異；相同階段下,輪式Y(jié)軸位移都大于X軸,手拉腳單腿直立式則無差異。足底各區(qū)利用方面,輪式以后足為主,手拉腳單腿直立式足底各區(qū)的差別不大。在肌肉活動方面,輪式的上肢肌、軀干肌、臀大肌和手拉腳單腿直立式的股內(nèi)側(cè)肌群、股直肌、股二頭肌在不同階段有差異。 3.O型腿的練習者在山式中自身足跟內(nèi)外側(cè)的壓力峰值有差異,輪式姿勢下的“腕-臍-足角”的大小與練習年限呈負相關(guān)。 結(jié)論： 1.山式、風吹樹式和站立后彎式的動作相對單一,可從身體頭部和兩側(cè)的肩部、膝部、髖部的對稱性以及是否出現(xiàn)脊柱回旋等指標加以評價；而幻椅式動作中的髖、膝和踝三個關(guān)節(jié)角度間的比例關(guān)系是影響該體式完成質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵。 2.以雙足為“根基”的山式、風吹樹式、幻椅式和站立后彎式的右足受力大小基本相同,身體側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性均高于前后方向；與山式的足底各區(qū)受力相比較,站立后彎式的前足、幻椅式的后足受力較大,風吹樹式則無明顯變化。 3.輪式動作完成的質(zhì)量取決于脊柱、上肢和下肢各關(guān)節(jié)的運動幅度,可采用腕部、肚臍和足跟三點連線所成的身體角度來評價輪式動作的質(zhì)量和難度；輪式不同階段均以足跟處受力為主,前足利用程度較低,身體側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性較好；上肢肌肉動員水平高,是完成輪式動作的關(guān)鍵肌群。 4.手拉腳單腿直立式以單足為“根基”,保持擺動腿在身體不同方向的穩(wěn)定姿勢是其主要練習特點,可以通過減少脊柱側(cè)屈和回旋幅度來提高動作質(zhì)量；足底各區(qū)受力相對均勻,身體的穩(wěn)定性在各個動作階段、不同方向均無明顯變化,身體的穩(wěn)定性主要是由支撐腿的脛骨前肌、臀大肌和腓腸肌等參與完成。 5.瑜伽練習者的身高、年齡和足部形態(tài)對山式足底壓力無明顯影響,而腿型異常則可引起自身足跟內(nèi)外側(cè)的受力不均；在本文所選取的練習者因素中,輪式的整體后伸幅度僅與練習者的訓練年限有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:Objective: to explore the action characteristics of the asana in Hatha yoga, and to provide scientific basis for the development of Hatha yoga and its application in national fitness and rehabilitation medicine. Methods: the kinematics, dynamics and surface electromyography data of six commonly used asanas of Hatha Yoga were collected by using 3D camera system, pressure plate and surface electromyograph with 19 male and female yoga instructors. At the same time, combined with the driver's own factors, the movement characteristics of the pose were comprehensively evaluated. Results: 1. In the static stage, there were differences between the peak left and right side of the peak plantar pressure, the displacement of the four pressure centers in Y axis was greater than that in the X axis, and the front foot pressure of the standing bending type was greater than that of the phantom chair type. The range of motion in different parts of the spine is different between the standing back bending type and the wheel type. 2. 2. The Y-axis displacement of the wheeled pressure center is different in different stages, but the peak pressure peak and the pressure center displacement of the one-leg vertical hand pull foot are not different in each stage, and the Y-axis displacement of the wheel is greater than that of the X-axis at the same stage. There is no difference in the one-legged upright position of the hand-pulling foot. In the area of plantar utilization, wheeled hind foot is dominant, hand-pulling foot one-legged vertical plantar area has little difference. In terms of muscle activity, wheeled upper limb muscle, trunk muscle, gluteus maximus muscle and medial femoris muscle group, rectus femoris muscle, There were differences in the biceps femoris at different stages. 3. The peak pressure of the internal and external sides of the heel was different in the mountain pose, and the size of the carpal-umbilical-foot angle was negatively correlated with the number of years of exercise in the wheeled posture. 3. Conclusion: 1. The relative singleness of the body's head and sides of the shoulder, knee and hip, and whether or not there is spinal rotation, is relatively simple in mountain, wind-blowing and standing back bends, while in phantom chair motion, the hip is. The proportional relationship between knee and ankle angles is the key to the quality of the pose. 2. The right foot with two feet as its "foundation", wind blowing tree type, magic chair type and standing back bend type have the same force size, and the lateral stability of the body is higher than that of the front and rear direction. The rear foot of the phantom chair has a large force, while the wind blowing tree has no obvious change. 3. The quality of wheeled movement depends on the range of motion of the joints of spine, upper limb and lower extremity. The body angle of wrist, navel and heel can be used to evaluate the quality and difficulty of wheeled movement. In different stages of wheel-type, the stress is mainly at heel, the utilization of forefoot is low, the lateral stability of body is better, and the mobilization level of upper limb muscle is high, which is the key muscle group to complete wheeled action. 4. The "foundation" of the one-legged upright type of hand pulling and one leg is one foot, and the main practice feature is to maintain the stable posture of the swinging leg in different directions of the body. It can improve the movement quality by reducing the lateral flexion and the swing amplitude of the spine; the force on the plantar is relatively uniform in all parts of the foot. The stability of the body is not changed in different directions in every movement stage. The stability of the body is mainly accomplished by the anterior tibial muscle, gluteus maximus muscle and gastrocnemius muscle, which support the leg. The height, age and shape of the foot of the yoga practitioner have no significant effect on the foot pressure, while the abnormal leg shape can cause the uneven stress on the inner and outer sides of the heel. The overall extension range of wheel type is only related to the training years of the practitioners.
【學位授予單位】：北京體育大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：G831.3

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