本文選題：農(nóng)村 + 公共資源�。� 參考：《石河子大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義上講,公共資源指的是同時具有非排他性以及競爭性的物品,是一種能夠供所有社會成員共同使用的資源,但是,由于有效集體行動的實施具有其困難性,在公共資源開發(fā)與利用過程中容易產(chǎn)生“公地悲劇”現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而造成公共資源的過度使用、枯竭、系統(tǒng)惡化以及利用效率降低等問題。本文將從以下兩個方面對農(nóng)村公共資源治理問題進(jìn)行研究:首先,對農(nóng)村公共資源治理理論的框架進(jìn)行分析;其次,通過對制度分析與發(fā)展(IAD)理論方法的應(yīng)用,對政府(科層)治理機(jī)制、市場治理機(jī)制、社區(qū)治理機(jī)制以及多主體(中心)參與式治理機(jī)制的治理結(jié)構(gòu)與其達(dá)到治理目的的方式進(jìn)行比較分析。在整個研究的設(shè)計方面,首先對我國農(nóng)村公共資源的基本屬性進(jìn)行了基本分析,并且借助于三個經(jīng)典模型-公地悲劇理論、囚徒困境模型、集體行動邏輯,探討了農(nóng)村公共資源治理的困境與成因;然后,借鑒“治理”理論的研究成果,提出了農(nóng)村公共資源治理的機(jī)制框架。在此基礎(chǔ)上,以新疆瑪納斯流域水資源治理為例,對其治理結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了比較研究,對政府(科層)治理機(jī)制、市場治理機(jī)制、社區(qū)治理治理機(jī)制這三種治理結(jié)構(gòu)在農(nóng)村公共水資源實際的治理過程中的績效進(jìn)行了全面的分析與評價。本論文的研究結(jié)論是:第一,政府(科層)治理的優(yōu)勢在于能夠?qū)r(nóng)村公共資源利用的總量進(jìn)行合理的控制以及在治理過程中是否具有公正性、公平性等方面進(jìn)行評價與判定。然而,這種治理方式在社會適應(yīng)性以及治理效率的提升方面不具有比較優(yōu)勢。如果在公共資源治理過程中,通過中央計劃的方式來對其進(jìn)行總量方面的控制,必然會存在高昂的實施成本以及信息的不對稱等問題,從而導(dǎo)致無法制定出切實而合理的控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于不確定性等因素常常出現(xiàn),這種計劃性的總量控制方式很難根據(jù)實際情況的變化而采取相應(yīng)的措施,因而在治理過程中,效率比較低下;同時在實際執(zhí)行方面也存在著一定的難度。我國的基本國情決定了我國資源治理決策者對公共資源利用當(dāng)中的公平性問題關(guān)注程度較高,然而,公平性的過分強(qiáng)調(diào)必然會造成效率的損失,這種政治傾斜性是導(dǎo)致農(nóng)村公共資源浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重的主要原因。第二,將市場機(jī)制引入到公共資源治理過程中,能夠提高農(nóng)村公共資源治理效率。但是,市場機(jī)制運(yùn)作過程中公共資源的產(chǎn)權(quán)交易以及污染權(quán)交易都無法回避高額的交易成本問題�？梢哉f,較高的交易成本的存在使得市場機(jī)制在公共資源治理規(guī)程中所能起到的作用不斷弱化。通過制定相應(yīng)法律的方式對公共資源的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度進(jìn)行明確的界定,能夠在一定程度上提高市場機(jī)制在農(nóng)村公共資源配置過程中的效率。第三,社區(qū)參與是一種有別于傳統(tǒng)公共資源治理機(jī)制的農(nóng)村公共資源治理的嶄新模式,通過社區(qū)中所有個體成員的積極參與,能夠克服信息不對稱以及適應(yīng)性問題。當(dāng)社區(qū)的整體利益存在高度趨同并且在社會資本方面具有一定程度的積累時,集體行動方式容易產(chǎn)生的違背承諾、監(jiān)督問題均能夠得到較好的解決。通過各類協(xié)會形式參與治理活動的自主治理方式對農(nóng)村公共資源配置有其自然優(yōu)勢。如對于瑪納斯河流域灌溉系統(tǒng)這類為相對穩(wěn)定人群服務(wù)的公共資源,可以采取通過由直接使用人或者說受益人自主進(jìn)行研究、開發(fā)、使用以及維護(hù)的手段來達(dá)到解決公共水資源合理利用的最終目的,尤其是對于在某些屬性上具有同質(zhì)性的使用者來說,這種自主治理的方式能夠在相當(dāng)大的程度上解決“搭便車”問題。第四,由于公共資源具有自然屬性以及社會屬性的雙重屬性,農(nóng)村公共資源治理過程變得尤為復(fù)雜。實踐證明,沒有一種管理體制能夠解決公共資源管理所面臨的綜合性問題。多層次以及多中心的復(fù)合治理體制,能夠在一定程度上實現(xiàn)公共資源的可持續(xù)利用;而這種復(fù)合治理機(jī)制的建立,不僅需要通過政府的宏觀調(diào)控來實現(xiàn)總量控制,還需引入市場機(jī)制用以優(yōu)化公共資源配置,同時還需要社區(qū)、公眾等主體的共同參與,從而形成多中心治理的新格局�？傊�,在農(nóng)村公共資源治理過程中,通過多元參與以及協(xié)商互動的方式,能夠提升復(fù)合治理體制的運(yùn)行效率,以達(dá)到推動公共資源治理的良性發(fā)展的目的。本文的理論新探索在于:通過農(nóng)村公共資源治理機(jī)制的研究,極大地豐富了鄉(xiāng)村治理的多樣性,也為鄉(xiāng)村治理機(jī)制研究的理論提供了依據(jù)。作為一種政治經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的研究視角,治理理論對于研究和分析我國該領(lǐng)域的問題有著重要的參考價值,同時也從一個新的角度探討了鄉(xiāng)村治理出現(xiàn)的機(jī)制問題。
[Abstract]:In economics, public resources refers to both non exclusive and competitive goods, is a kind of available to all members of society, the common use of the resources, but due to the difficulties of implementing effective collective action, in public resources development and utilization in the process to produce the "tragedy of the commons" phenomenon. The excessive use of public resources, resulting in the depletion, deterioration and reduce the efficiency of system. This paper will study from the following two aspects of public resource governance problems in rural areas: first, the rural public resource governance framework of theory analysis; secondly, based on the institutional analysis and development (IAD) theory and method of application the government (section), governance mechanism, governance, community governance mechanism and multi subject (Center) of the governance structure of participatory governance mechanism and achieve the objective of Governance Way Comparative analysis. In the design of the research, firstly, the basic properties of public resources in rural areas in China is analyzed, and based on the three classic model of tragedy theory, the prisoner's dilemma model, the logic of collective action, discusses the situation and causes of trapped rural public resource governance; then, referring to the "research results of governance" theory, put forward the mechanism framework of rural public resource governance. On this basis, the management of water resources in Xinjiang River Basin in Manasi as an example, the governance structure makes a comparative study on the government (bureaucracy) governance mechanism, market governance mechanism, governance governance structures of these three kinds of community governance in the actual governance mechanism the rural public water resources in performance are analyzed and evaluated comprehensively. The conclusions of this paper are: first, the government (Department) management has the advantage that the rural public resources total The amount of reasonable control and governance in the process of justice, fairness and other aspects of the evaluation and judgment. However, this kind of governance in social adaptability and governance efficiency improvement. If you do not have a comparative advantage in the public resource management process, through the central planning to control the amount of it will implement the high cost and the problems of information asymmetry, resulting in the failure to make a practical and reasonable control standard. Due to the uncertainty and other factors often occur, the total control way this kind of plan is very difficult to change in the actual situation and take corresponding measures, so in the process of governance, efficiency comparison low; there are also some problems in the actual execution. The basic situation of our country determines that China resources management decision-makers on the use of public resources The fairness of the higher degree of concern, however, too much emphasis on fairness will inevitably result in the loss of efficiency, the political inclination is the main cause of rural public resources waste phenomenon is serious. Second, the market mechanism should be introduced into public resources in the process of governance, to improve the efficiency of rural public resource governance. However, public resources the market mechanism in the process of property rights trading and pollution rights transaction can avoid high transaction costs. It can be said that the transaction costs are high because of the market mechanism can play in public resource governance rules in weakening the role. Through the formulation of relevant laws on public resources property rights are clearly defined that can improve the efficiency of the market mechanism in the process of allocation of public resources in rural areas in a certain extent. Third, community participation is different from. A new model of rural public resource management system of public resource governance mechanism, through the active participation of all individual members of the community, to overcome the information asymmetry and adaptability. When the interests of the whole community are highly similar and have a certain degree in social capital accumulation, contrary to the commitments prone to collective action problems, supervision to get a better solution. The natural advantages of the rural public resources allocation through self governance in governance activities of all kinds of forms. As for the association of irrigation system in Manasi river basin such as public resources relatively stable population services, can be taken by direct use or beneficiary independent research, development, use and maintenance the way to solve the ultimate goal of the rational use of public water resources, especially in some genera of With the homogeneity of the users, this kind of self governance way to solve the problem of "free ride" to a large extent. Fourth, because of the public resources has the dual attributes of natural attribute and social attribute, the process of rural public resource governance is particularly complex. Practice has proved that without a comprehensive management system can solve problems of public resource management faces. Composite multilevel and multi center governance system, to achieve the sustainable use of public resources to a certain extent; and the establishment of such complex governance mechanisms, not only by the government's macro-control to achieve total control, but also need to introduce the market mechanism to optimize the allocation of public resources, but also to the community and public participation in the common body, so as to form a new pattern of multi center governance. In short, in the process of rural public resource governance, through Participate in and negotiation, can improve the operating efficiency of the composite governance system, promote the benign development of public resource governance in order to achieve the objective of this paper is to explore the new theory. Through the study of rural public resource governance mechanism, greatly enriched the diversity of rural governance, but also provide the basis for the research on the mechanism of governance the country perspective theory. As a kind of political economy, governance theory to study and analyze the problems in the field of our country has important reference value, but also from a new perspective and explores the mechanism of rural governance problems.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D422.6

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