本文選題：啟蒙　切入點(diǎn)：公共理性　出處：《浙江大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：公共理性是當(dāng)下自由主義內(nèi)部盛行的一波思潮,是個(gè)充滿爭議性的理念。那么,到底該如何理解公共理性?它從何而來,又因何而來?爭議的焦點(diǎn)是什么?這些構(gòu)成了本文的考察主題。公共理性的核心關(guān)注,是秩序的正當(dāng)性問題。公共理性作為一個(gè)術(shù)語,在啟蒙時(shí)期就已誕生,但內(nèi)涵不斷豐富發(fā)展。啟蒙終結(jié)了神權(quán)社會(huì),確立了人的理性的中心地位,進(jìn)步巨大。同時(shí),神性的褪色帶來了世界的規(guī)范性脫魅,理性認(rèn)知的紛爭呼喚新的裁斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),社會(huì)需要新的權(quán)威和秩序。公共理性的主題就是反思這一秩序構(gòu)建。本文第二章梳理了啟蒙思想家們對(duì)公共理性觀念的思考�；舨妓棺钕忍岢龉怖硇缘母拍�,用以指稱“主權(quán)者”的理性,借助絕對(duì)主權(quán)者的意志來平息紛爭;洛克雖未提出公共理性的確切表述,但他認(rèn)為人類社會(huì)應(yīng)該設(shè)立公共的裁判者,賦予其公共權(quán)威,以彌補(bǔ)個(gè)人理性的不足;盧梭提出了作為“公意”的公共理性,從盧梭的表述來看,公共理性即法律,而法律乃公意之表達(dá),其承載了公共利益和公正價(jià)值;康德沒有明確提出公共理性的說法,但他強(qiáng)調(diào)“理性的公共運(yùn)用”,該表達(dá)的重心在于“理性”,其載體是同質(zhì)性的、作為抽象的理性存在者的人,相信公開運(yùn)用理性,秩序終將劃一。這些觀念對(duì)于羅爾斯的公共理性理念影響至深,它糅合了霍布斯的“世俗”、洛克的“寬容”、盧梭的“公意”和康德的“公開”。本文的核心部分,是深入對(duì)比分析當(dāng)前流行的關(guān)于公共理性理念的一個(gè)最主要的爭議。爭議雙方為:約翰·羅爾斯與杰拉爾德·高斯。高斯是繼羅爾斯之后研究公共理性最有影響力的人物,其理論脈絡(luò)與羅爾斯針鋒相對(duì)。兩種公共理性關(guān)注的主題相同,即探究被多元價(jià)值信念所深刻分化的公民,如何開展公共辯護(hù)。不同的是:羅爾斯的公共理性包含三個(gè)層面,公民理性能力、公共理由、公共政治價(jià)值,他主張參與特定政治活動(dòng)的公民,肩負(fù)著一種公民性責(zé)任,以能夠在關(guān)于根本政治問題的決策方面,僅參照公共價(jià)值和公共標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來為自己的決策行為辯護(hù);高斯將公共理性視為社會(huì)系統(tǒng)中個(gè)體成員基于內(nèi)在的理由所認(rèn)同之物,公共理性秩序的構(gòu)建是彼此博弈的結(jié)果,公共推理相當(dāng)于一種過程和組織,而不是一種特殊的共同話語,而且,視角、推理和價(jià)值多樣性本身就是自由和穩(wěn)定的社會(huì)和政治秩序的基礎(chǔ)。高斯對(duì)羅爾斯的批判不是針對(duì)本體論意義上的正義原則的真確性或合理性,而是質(zhì)疑羅爾斯為正義原則辯護(hù)的方法論。顯然,雙方爭論是無果的。與其說政治哲學(xué)的使命在于求真理,不如說更在于講道理。
[Abstract]:Public reason is a current trend of thought in liberalism and a controversial idea.So, how to understand public rationality?Where did it come from and why?What's the point of the controversy?These constitute the theme of this paper.The core concern of public rationality is the legitimacy of order.Public rationality, as a term, was born in the Enlightenment period, but the connotation has been enriched and developed.Enlightenment put an end to theocratic society, established the central position of human rationality, and made great progress.At the same time, the fading of divinity brings the normative disenchantment of the world, the dispute of rational cognition calls for a new standard of adjudication, and the society needs new authority and order.The theme of public rationality is to reflect on the construction of this order.The second chapter of this article combs the enlightenment thinkers to the public rational idea ponder.Hobbes first put forward the concept of public rationality, which is used to refer to the rationality of the "sovereign" and to settle the dispute with the will of the absolute sovereign.However, he thinks that human society should set up public judges and endow them with public authority in order to make up for the deficiency of personal rationality. Rousseau put forward the public rationality as "public will". From Rousseau's expression, public rationality is the law.Law is the expression of public will, which bears the value of public interest and justice. Kant did not clearly put forward the view of public rationality, but he emphasized "the public use of reason", the focus of the expression is "reason", and its carrier is homogeneity.As the existence of abstract reason, people believe that the public use of reason, order will be uniform.These ideas deeply influence Rawls' public rationality, which combines Hobbes' secular, Locke's tolerance, Rousseau's public will and Kant's openness.The core part of this paper is a deep contrast analysis of the current popular concept of public rationality is the most important controversy.The parties to the dispute are John Rawls and Gerald Gao Si.Gao Si is the most influential person studying public rationality after Rawls whose theoretical context is in opposition to Rawls.The two kinds of public rationality concern the same theme, that is, to explore how citizens deeply divided by pluralistic value beliefs, how to conduct public defense.The difference is that Rawls' public rationality consists of three levels: citizen's rational ability, public reason and public political value. He advocates that citizens who participate in specific political activities shoulder a kind of civic responsibility.In order to be able to justify his decision making on fundamental political issues only by reference to public values and public standards; Gao Si regarded public rationality as something recognized by individual members of the social system for internal reasons,The construction of public rational order is the result of game between each other. Public reasoning is equivalent to a process and organization, not a special common discourse.Reasoning and diversity of values are in themselves the foundation of a free and stable social and political order.Gao Si's criticism of Rawls is not aimed at the truth or rationality of the principle of justice in the sense of ontology, but rather questions Rawls' methodology of defending the principle of justice.Obviously, the argument between the two sides was fruitless.The mission of political philosophy is not so much to seek truth as to reason.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D091
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本文編號(hào)：1711760