本文關(guān)鍵詞：作圣之基-《論語》教本研究　出處：《華東師范大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 《論語》 教本 課程 五經(jīng) 四書

【摘要】：《論語》是重要的儒家經(jīng)典,在長期的歷史發(fā)展中,從一本言行錄變?yōu)榻?jīng)學教材,通過教育活動影響了無數(shù)學子�！墩撜Z》的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展和演變的過程不同于現(xiàn)代教材,體現(xiàn)出傳統(tǒng)教材演變的獨特路徑。鑒于這種特點,我們以“教本”來命名之。 《論語》中的內(nèi)容多為孔子及其弟子教學過程的記錄,經(jīng)后學加工改造,層累形成。《論語》的結(jié)集與傳授的過程相伴而生,孔子的言行錄既是孔門弟子傳授的重要內(nèi)容,也是《論語》結(jié)集最原始的資料。戰(zhàn)國以后,結(jié)集的《論語》逐漸傳播到更加廣闊的地域,從出土的戰(zhàn)國和漢初的竹書中我們能夠看到這種痕跡。由于秦代和漢初的文教政策使得《論語》被隔離在不同的地域,形成了地域之學。隨著漢代國家統(tǒng)一和儒術(shù)獨尊,以《齊論》、《魯論》、《古論》為代表的區(qū)域教材開始融合,最終以《魯論》為核心,形成帝國范圍內(nèi)的通用教材,并成為今本《論語》的雛形。 魏晉時期,詮釋方式的變化使得《論語》的版本增多,其中占據(jù)官學統(tǒng)治地位的《論語》經(jīng)歷了鄭玄與王肅之爭。這一時期,形成了《論語》“漢學”詮釋的巔峰之作——何晏的《論語集解》,成為后世重要的教本。隋唐時期,官學的完備和教材的統(tǒng)一使得《論語》詮釋陷入低潮,科舉考試的內(nèi)容設(shè)置也決定了《論語》成為學校教育中的公共必修課程。 北宋以后,“四書學”興起,《論語》的地位進一步提升�！八螌W”詮釋方式使得《論語》的詮釋版本大增。邢f:的《論語注疏》、荊公新學的《論語》詮釋版本、程朱理學的《論語》詮釋版本、先后成為占據(jù)官學主導的教本。經(jīng)學考試方式從隋唐的“帖經(jīng)”、“墨義”變?yōu)閮伤蔚慕?jīng)義文使得學習者對教本的選擇更加自由,進入了教本多元并立的時代。元代中期以后,科舉考試的第一場在《四書》內(nèi)出題,選用朱熹的《四書集注》為標準,程朱理學開始占據(jù)學校教育的核心位置。明清以后,科舉考試采用八股文,《四書》成為學子學習最重要的內(nèi)容,促使《論語》的詮釋融入《四書》。《論語》的學習也被放在《四書》體系內(nèi)考量。 晚清以來,西學東漸的背景下,傳統(tǒng)教育面臨著轉(zhuǎn)型。晚清“新政”以后,科舉制度被廢止,新式教育開始替代傳統(tǒng)教育。在新式學堂中,新的學科建制促使《論語》從“專經(jīng)課程”變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)代課程。在初等教育階段,進入讀經(jīng)講經(jīng)科；在高等教育階段,進入經(jīng)學科；實現(xiàn)了從獨立課程到科目課程的變化。民國以后,“五育并舉”取代“忠君尊孔”成為新的教育宗旨,經(jīng)學進一步失去了它存在的合理性。這一過程中,西方的“七科之學”取代我國傳統(tǒng)的“四部之學”,《論語》成為現(xiàn)代教材中的內(nèi)容。新中國建立以后,新的意識形態(tài)建立,經(jīng)學的價值進一步削弱,《論語》作為教材的必要性也不復存在。 總之,《論語》的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了我國課程體系從“六藝”的實用教育階段到“五經(jīng)”、“四書”的經(jīng)學教育階段,再到現(xiàn)代的“科目”階段的過程。這一過程反映出我國傳統(tǒng)教育的變遷,折射出經(jīng)學教材發(fā)展過程中目標、內(nèi)容、實施與評價的互動,為我們理解傳統(tǒng)教育提供了反思的視角。
[Abstract]:< > Analects is an important Confucian classics, in the long history of development, from the words and deeds recorded into classics teaching material, through educational activities of countless students. The Analects > generation, development and evolution process is different from modern materials, reflecting the unique path of traditional textbook evolution. In view of this, we named by "textbook".
< > in the Analects content for Confucius and his disciples in the process of teaching records, the post processing transformation, process layer forming tired collection and the Analects of Confucius taught. > attendant, Confucius's words and deeds recorded is not only an important part of the disciples to teach, but also the most primitive data < > collection. The Analects of Confucius after the Warring States period, gathering < The Analects > gradually spread to the broader region, from the Warring States period and the beginning of the Chinese bamboo, we can see the traces. Because of educational policy in the Qin and early Han that was isolated in < > on different regions, forming a regional study. With the unification of the country and the Han Dynasty Confucianism only, with "Qi theory < >, < > of Shandong, the ancient theory of regional materials > to represent the beginning of fusion, and ultimately to" Lu "on as the core, to form the general teaching material of the Roman Empire and became the prototype of today," the Analects of Confucius ".
The Wei and Jin Dynasties, change the interpretation of Analects > < version increased, which occupy the official ruling "after Zheng Xuan and Wang Analects > Suzhi dispute. During this period, the formation of the" Analects > "Sinology" interpretation of the pinnacle, he Yan "Analects of Confucius", later to become the important textbook. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the official school uniform and complete textbook < > interpretation of the Analects of Confucius which is at a low ebb, the imperial examination also decided to set the content of < > The Analects of Confucius school education become a compulsory course.
After the Song Dynasty, "the four books" rise, "the Analects of Confucius" to further enhance the status of "Neo Confucianism" interpretation. The interpretation of the Analects of Confucius "> version increased. F: < Analects commentaries Xing >, < Analects > interpretation version of" school, < > version neo-Confucianism the interpretation of the Analects of Confucius, has become the official school occupied the leading textbook. By examination from the Sui and Tang Dynasties "Tiejing", "ink righteousness" is two song Jing Yiwen makes learners textbook selection more freedom into the textbook pluralistic era. The Yuan Dynasty after the middle of the imperial examination in the first four > in < < the selected topic, Zhu Xi the four books "as the standard, Ch'eng-Chu began to occupy the core position in school education. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination by stereotyped writing, < > four become the most important content of students learning, promote the interpretation of Analects > < < Analects > >.< into four books learning can also be placed in the" four books "system Consider it within.
Since the late Qing Dynasty, Western learning background, traditional education is facing a transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The "New Deal" after the imperial examination system was abolished, the new education began to replace traditional education. In the new school, a new discipline to the Analects of Confucius from "designed by the < > curriculum" into modern curriculum. In the elementary education stage, reading into the lecture Department of Radiology; in the higher education stage, entered by the subject; to achieve the change from independent courses to courses. In the future, "five Yu" instead of "loyal Zun hole" has become a new educational purpose, the study further lost the rationality of its existence. In this process, the western "seven Department of science" to replace our traditional "four school", "the Analects of Confucius in the textbook content > has become a modern new Chinese. After the establishment of new ideology is established, through the study of the value of further weakening, the necessity of the Analects of Confucius as a textbook < > has ceased to exist.
In a word, "Analects of Confucius has experienced development > curriculum system in China from the" practical education skills "to" Five Classics "," four books "by the school education, then to the modern" subjects "phase of the process. This process reflects the changes of Chinese traditional education, reflects the economic development process of learning the teaching material in the goal, content, implementation and evaluation of interaction, provides a reflective perspective for us to understand the traditional education.

【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：G529

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