本文關(guān)鍵詞：老年人犯罪刑事責(zé)任研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

老年人犯罪刑事責(zé)任研究 來源：涂國虎：日期：2009-08-27

西南政法大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文




老年人犯罪刑事責(zé)任研究




　　導(dǎo)師：陳忠林 教授

　　作者：涂國虎

專業(yè)：刑法學(xué)





　　中國·重慶
二〇〇八年三月

內(nèi)容摘要
老年人犯罪是一個特殊群體的犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)是屬于一個不斷弱化的群體的犯罪。由于人都有從一個逐步發(fā)展到逐步衰老的過程，自然人的刑事責(zé)任能力也是如此，老年人由于自身的特點，其刑事責(zé)任能力必定有所減弱。我國古代的法律幾乎都有對老年人減免刑事責(zé)任的規(guī)定，世界上不少的國家也對老年人犯罪有從輕或者減輕刑事責(zé)任的規(guī)定。老年人辨認和控制自己行為的能力畢竟比精神正常的成年人要弱，當(dāng)行為人的辨認和控制能力低時，其反映出的主觀惡性就小，因而社會危害性就相對較小，應(yīng)考慮從寬處罰。以立法的方式對老年人犯罪予以從輕處罰，將這一規(guī)定貫徹在刑事訴訟的過程中，這既合于中國自古以來尊老愛幼的倫理道德，也可以穩(wěn)定社會秩序，更是體現(xiàn)老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任特殊性的要求。本文所研究的目的也就在于此。
本文緊緊圍繞老年人犯罪及其刑事責(zé)任展開論述，，在解讀了古今中外刑法理論中的各種老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任學(xué)說之后，作者提出了自己的觀點，并深入而全面地論證了這種主張的合理性。全文分為四個部分，共三萬余字。
第一部分，當(dāng)前研究老年人犯罪的現(xiàn)實背景
伴隨著社會的飛速發(fā)展，科學(xué)技術(shù)的日新月異，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的不斷的進步，人民生活水平日益提高，人的壽命得以延長，百歲老人的出現(xiàn)已不再是稀有之事，同時由于人口出生率越來越低，生育率的下降就意味著新生人口的減少，也同時意味著老年人比例的上升。生育率下降得越快、越急劇，老年人口的比例也會上升得更快、更急劇，而死亡率的下降又使老年人壽命延長，促使人口老齡化程度更為加劇。盡管這是一個必然的趨勢，人們對這一點的認識還是經(jīng)過了漫長的過程，近年來，人口老齡化問題越來越成為人們關(guān)注的熱點。按照國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，老齡化社會是指60歲以上人口占總?cè)丝诘?0％以上，或者65歲以上人口占總?cè)丝诘?％以上，許多的西方國家早已步入了老齡化社會，譬如，德國老年人口的數(shù)量基本上超過了總?cè)丝诘?0％，甚至達到了27％左右。日本不僅是亞洲人口老齡化最為嚴重的國家，而且也是發(fā)達國家中人口老齡化速度最快的國家。
我國第五次人口普查數(shù)字顯示，我國60歲以上老年人口已達到1.3億，占總?cè)丝诘?0.41％，其中65歲以上人口達到8811萬，占總?cè)丝诘?.96％。依照人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國已經(jīng)進入老齡化國家的行列，今后一個時期我國的老年人口還將以較快的速度增長，預(yù)計到2015年，60歲以上的人口將超過兩億，約占總?cè)丝诘?4％。隨著老年人口的比重日益增加，社會家庭的環(huán)境對老年人的身心及自身諸因素的影響。老年人犯罪在社會犯罪占有的比重和數(shù)量也有增長的趨勢。
第二部分，老年人犯罪的概念、特征、類型、成因和應(yīng)對措施
關(guān)于老年人的定義是犯罪學(xué)中所使用的一個概念，其目的是基于對老年人犯罪研究的需要。瑞典學(xué)者桑德巴最早從年齡結(jié)構(gòu)的角度來定義老年人。判斷老年人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有所不同，根據(jù)人的生理機能心理狀態(tài)和角色作用，可分別從生理年齡、心理年齡、社會年齡來衡量。1982年，在聯(lián)合國“老齡問題世界大會”上，將老年年齡的界限定義為60歲。1996年10月1日施行的《中華人民共和國老年人權(quán)益保障法》第二條規(guī)定：“本法所稱老年人是指60周歲以上的公民”。把我國老年人的起點年齡定為60周歲，以60周歲為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)便于正確的估量老年人口變動對社會經(jīng)濟的影響，更適合我國現(xiàn)有的國情。 因此，老年人犯罪概括起來說，指60歲以上的人所實施的犯罪。老年人犯罪作為一個特殊群體也有自己特殊的特點和犯罪原因，應(yīng)該引起我們足夠的重視。 一般來說下面老年人犯罪的犯罪原因有一下幾種： ⑴心理特征所致；⑵惡習(xí)不改所致；⑶是精神疾病所致；⑷是地位變化所致；⑸是經(jīng)濟原因所致；著名學(xué)者施溫特在其所著《犯罪學(xué)》一書中，對預(yù)防老年人犯罪方面的一些觀點作了介紹。就刑事制度方面，他認為與總的犯罪相比較，60％的老年罪犯的判決可以說是嚴厲的，老年人被判監(jiān)禁，將加深和加速他們本來就百無聊賴、被排出在社會生活之外的過程。同時，由于老年人犯罪具有許多自身特殊性。因此對老年人犯罪的預(yù)防和控制應(yīng)當(dāng)注意一些問題，我們要在現(xiàn)實條件下來談?wù)撃撤N預(yù)防措施，不能一味的追求預(yù)防成效而忽略了現(xiàn)實的可能性。
第三部分，對現(xiàn)有老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任的反思
由于老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任自身所具有的特殊性，世界上許多的國家對此有專門的規(guī)定。國外的一些關(guān)于刑事責(zé)任的立法與我國的立法模式存在差異，有些國家只是作了籠統(tǒng)的規(guī)定，有的則作了具體的劃分規(guī)定。以美國、英國為中心使用英語的地方，對老年人犯罪問題也作了一些有益的探索。20世紀中期，日本人開始深入研究老年人犯罪問題。一些國家已經(jīng)就老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任作出了具體的規(guī)定，1997年實施的俄羅斯聯(lián)邦刑法典規(guī)定，法院作出判決時已滿65周歲的男子，不得判處終身剝奪自由，也不得判處死刑。法國新刑法典規(guī)定，被判刑的人年齡達65歲時，禁止居住自然停止。顯然許多國家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了老年人犯罪的特殊性，并為此作出了一些十分具有借鑒意義的的研究成果。這對我國刑法對老年人犯罪的研究是有很好的借鑒作用的。
在我國，隨著老齡化社會的到來，老年人犯罪作為一種客觀存在，越來越多的學(xué)者開始關(guān)注老年人犯罪問題，學(xué)者們從我國現(xiàn)實的國情和老年人犯罪的特殊性出發(fā)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了我國刑法關(guān)于老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任規(guī)定存在的諸多問題并進行了說明，到目前為止，現(xiàn)行的老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任研究已取得不少成果，對我國老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任制度的構(gòu)建和完善提供了建設(shè)性的意見。但在各種論述中，還是缺乏對這一問題進行系統(tǒng)的闡述，沒有將這一問題深入到刑事訴訟的整個過程中，更缺乏一些能夠用于指導(dǎo)實踐司法的建議。正確認識老年人犯罪、準(zhǔn)確地對老年人犯罪適用刑罰正是本文所關(guān)注的主要問題。
第四部分，針對上述的問題分別提出自己的修正的意見
基于對以上國內(nèi)外的老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任研究現(xiàn)狀的考察，可以看出對老年人犯罪和老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任的特殊性還沒有進行深入的探討,特別是沒有結(jié)合中國傳統(tǒng)的倫理制度來進行分析。本篇文章即從中國傳統(tǒng)的倫理制度的角度來分析老年人犯罪刑事責(zé)任的特點和之所以要對老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任作出特殊性規(guī)定的原因,同時也客觀分析了老年人的刑事責(zé)任能力,并提出了老年人的犯罪能力和受刑能力的概念.提出了老年人犯罪應(yīng)當(dāng)排除死刑適用的主張，試圖將老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任的特殊性貫徹到我國刑事訴訟立法和司法的全過程中。
由于老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任制度中的問題比較復(fù)雜，本文選取幾項內(nèi)容進行重點說明，至于老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任制度中的其它問題本人會在今后的時間里作進一步的研究。
關(guān)鍵詞　　老年人犯罪　　　老年人刑事責(zé)任能力　　　　　　　　　　　　　

老年人犯罪能力　　　　　老年人受刑能力






Abstract
Elderly crime is a special group of crime, should belong to a continuous weakening of the criminal groups. Because people have a gradual development from the gradual aging process, the criminal liability of natural ability is the case, the elderly because of their own characteristics, and its ability to criminal liability will be reduced. Ancient Chinese law virtually all criminal liability relief for the elderly, many of the world\\'s countries have a lighter for the elderly crime or reduce criminal provisions. Identification of the elderly and the ability to control their own behaviour, after all, the spirit of normal adults than weaker, when the perpetrator\\'s ability to identify and control is low, their subjective reflection of the vicious on small and therefore harmful to society is relatively small and should be considered Punishment leniency. By legislative means the elderly offence to a lighter punishment, will implement this provision in the course of criminal proceedings, but this is a Child care for the elderly respect in China since ancient times ethical, social order can be stable, but also embodies the elderly Crime particularity of the criminal responsibility of the request. The purpose of this research it is difficult.
This paper tightly around the elderly started on crime and criminal liability in the interpretation of the ancient and modern criminal law theory of criminal liability in accordance with the doctrine, the author put forward their point of view, and in-depth and comprehensive proved the rationality of this idea . The full text is divided into four parts, a total of 30,000 characters
The first part of the current reality on the criminal background of the elderly.Along with the rapid development of social, scientific and technological advances of modern medicine constant progress, the people\\'s living standards are improving, and the extension of life expectancy, the emergence of centenarians is no longer a rare thing, because at the same time increasing the birth rate low, it means that the decline in fertility newborn population decline, and also means that the proportion of the elderly rising. The sooner the declining fertility rate, the more rapidly, the proportion of the elderly population will rise faster and more sharply, and the decline in mortality and life expectancy extended to the elderly, to the ageing of the population is far more aggravated. Although this is an inevitable trend, there is understanding of this point after a long process, in recent years, the ageing of the population has increasingly become a focus of attention of the people.
According to international standards, the ageing of society is that people over 60 years old accounted for 10 per cent of the total population over the age of 65 or above population of the total population of more than 7 percent, and many Western countries have already entered the aging society, for example, Germany elderly Basically, the number of people living more than 20 per cent of the total population, and even reached 27 percent. Japan is not only Asia ageing of the population most affected countries, but also in developed countries the ageing of the population the fastest countries.
China\\'s fifth census figures show that China\\'s population aged 60 or older has reached 130 million, accounting for 10.41 percent of the total population, of which more than 65-year-old population reached 88.11 million, accounting for 6.96 percent of the total population. In accordance with the standards of the population age structure, China has entered the ranks of aging countries, a period in the future of China\\'s aging population will continue to grow at a rate faster, it is estimated that in 2015, the population over the age of 60 will be more than 200 million, the total 14% of the population. With the proportion of the elderly population growing, social environment for the elderly families of their own physical, mental and the impact of various factors. Elderly crime in the community and the proportion of criminal possession of a number of growth trend
The second part, the elderly of the concept of crime, characteristics, types, causes and response measures On the definition of the elderly is a crime in the use of a concept, the purpose is based on the needs of the elderly on crime. SANDEBA from Sweden the earliest to define the structure of the elderly. Judgement of the elderly standards also vary, according to the human physiological function and the psychological state of roles, from the age of physiological, psychological age, social age to measure. 1982, in the United Nations "World Assembly on Ageing," and the older age limits defined as 60 years of age. October 1, 1996 implementation of the "People\\'s Republic of China Law on the Protection of the interests of older persons," set forth in Article 2: "This law refers to the alleged elderly citizens above 60 years of age." To the starting point of China\\'s elderly age is set at 60 years of age to 60 years of age as a standard to facilitate the correct assessment of the socio-economic changes in the elderly population of more suitable for China\\'s current conditions.
Therefore, the elderly crime can be summed up, that people over the age of 60 by the crime. Elderly crime as a special group has its own special characteristics and causes of crime, we should pay sufficient attention. Below the elderly generally perpetrators of crimes to several reasons: ⑴ psychological characteristics caused by the bad habit of not changed by the ⑵; ⑶ is due to mental illness; ⑷ status is the result of changes; ⑸ economic reasons; famous Sweden
scholars in his book "Criminology", a book on crime prevention in the elderly some of the points were introduced. On the criminal system, he considered that with the crime, compared to 60 per cent of the older offenders decision can be said to be severe, older persons sentenced to imprisonment, will deepen and accelerate their already 100 boredom, were drained in the social life of process. At the same time, many elderly people have their own unique crime. So the elderly crime prevention and control should pay attention to some problems, we need to talk about some reality down preventive measures, can we prevent the pursuit of effectiveness while neglecting real possibility.
The third part, the existing elderly criminal responsibility for crimes Reflection
As the elderly criminal responsibility for crimes by the special nature of their own, many of the world\\'s countries are a special requirements. Some of the foreign criminal legislation and China\\'s legislative models are differences, some countries only made general provisions, while others are made of specific provisions. To the United States, the United Kingdom was the use of English in local centres for the elderly Crime also made some useful exploration. The mid-20th Century, the Japanese began in-depth study of older persons crime problem. Some countries have criminal responsibility for crimes on the elderly has made specific provisions, the implementation of the 1997 Penal Code provisions of the Russian Federation, the court judgement full of men 65 years of age shall not be sentenced to life deprived of their liberty, nor sentenced to death. France provisions of the new Penal Code, was sentenced to 65 years of age, living naturally stop prohibited. It was clear that many countries have found that the special nature of the crime the elderly, and have also made some very meaningful draw with the research results. This China\\'s Criminal Law of the elderly crime is a very good reference for the role.
In China, with the advent of an aging society, the elderly crime, as an objective existence of a growing number of scholars beginning to pay attention to the elderly crime problems, and scholars from China\\'s actual conditions and the elderly of the special nature of crime found China\\'s criminal law on criminal responsibility for crimes provisions of the elderly a few problems and a note, so far, the existing criminal responsibility for crimes on the elderly has been made many achievements of China\\'s elderly crime and the criminal system Construction perfect provide constructive comments. But in various statements, or lack of this issue on the system, this issue will not go to the entire criminal process, the lack of which can be used to guide practice judicial recommendations. A correct understanding of the elderly crime, the elderly and accurately criminal penalty is applied in this paper the main issues of concern.
Part IV, in view of the above problems were put forward their views on the amendment
Based on the elderly at home and abroad over criminal responsibility for crimes on the status of inspection, we can see that the elderly crime and the elderly criminal responsibility for crimes particularity has not conduct an in-depth study, especially not with the traditional Chinese ethics system to be analysed. This article from China\\'s traditional system of ethical perspective of the
characteristics of elderly crime of criminal responsibility to the elderly and the reason crime to the criminal responsibility of the reasons for the special provisions, but also an objective analysis of the ability of the criminal responsibility of the elderly , and made the elderly and the ability of the criminal capacity of the concept of torture. elderly crime should be made to exclude the death penalty advocate, trying to elderly crime of criminal responsibility to implement the special nature of our criminal justice legislation and the entire process of .
The elderly crime in the criminal system the complexity of the issues, the content of this paper select few highlights, as the elderly criminal responsibility for crimes system, and other issues in the future I will be time for further study.




Key word Elderly crime elderly criminal responsibility
Ability of elderly crime Ability of the elderly torture










目 錄
前 言 …………………………………………………………………………………… 1
第一部分、當(dāng)前研究老年人犯罪的現(xiàn)實背景 ………………………………………3
一、世界老齡化社會發(fā)展的基本格局和發(fā)展趨勢 … ………………………………3
1.世界老齡化社會趨勢的概述………………………………………………3 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2.老齡化社會的定義 ………………………………………………………5 　　　　　　　　　　　
二、我國老齡化社會發(fā)展的基本格局和發(fā)展趨勢 …………………………………7
1.我國老齡化社會趨勢的概述 …………………………………………7　　　　　　　　　　　　
2.我國老齡化社會的特點 ………………………………………………8
第二部分、老年人犯罪的概念、特點、類型、成因和應(yīng)對措施 …………………8
一、老年人犯罪的概念 …………………………………………………………… 8
二、老年人犯罪的特點 ………………………………………………………………9
三、老年人犯罪的類型 ………………………………………………………………11
四、老年人犯罪的成因 ………………………………………………………………12
五、老年人犯罪的預(yù)防和應(yīng)對措施 …………………………………………………14
第三部分、對現(xiàn)有老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任的反思 ……………………………… 17
一、世界上其他國家關(guān)于老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任的規(guī)定 ………………………… 17
1.依法規(guī)定可以從輕處罰………………………………………………… 18　　　　　　　　　　
2.依法規(guī)定可以減輕處罰………………………………………………… 19
3.依法規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕處罰 ……………………………………………… 20
二、我國古代關(guān)于老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任的規(guī)定 ………………………………20
1.西周時期 …………………………………………………………………… 20
2.春秋戰(zhàn)國時期 ………………………………………………………………20
3.漢朝時期 ………………………………………………………………………21
4.唐朝………………………………………………………………………………21
5.宋朝………………………………………………………………………………21
6.明朝……………………………………………………………………………21
7.近代 …………………………………………………………………………21
三、應(yīng)當(dāng)對老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任作出特殊性規(guī)定的理由 ……………………… 22
1．老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任能力的分析 ……………………………………… 22
2．老年人犯罪的犯罪能力的分析 … ………………………………………… 24
3．老年人犯罪的受刑能力的分析 …………………………………………… 25
4．中國傳統(tǒng)倫理價值觀對老年人犯罪的刑事責(zé)任的影響…………………… 27
四、老年人犯罪死刑適用的問題 ………………………………………………………28
第四部分、針對上述的問題分別提出自己的修正的意見 ……………………………30
一、老年人犯罪可以從輕處罰………………………………………………………… 30
二、在刑事訴訟中，增設(shè)對老年人犯罪的特殊性規(guī)定 ………………………………33
1．在刑事偵查階段，加強對老年人的保護……………………………………33
2．在審查起訴階段，加強對老年人的保護……………………………………34
3．在人民法院審判階段，加強對老年人的保護………………………………35
三、在刑罰的執(zhí)行階段，增設(shè)對老年人犯罪的特殊性規(guī)定………………………… 36
結(jié)　語　………………………………………………………………………………38
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………………39

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：老年人犯罪刑事責(zé)任研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。