本文選題：衛(wèi)三畏 + “寬容條款”　； 參考：《四川師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：衛(wèi)三畏是19世紀美國來華傳教士之一。自1833年來華之后,他在中國生活了40余年,不僅僅是傳教士、漢學家,也是一名外交官員。他的在華生涯大致分為兩個階段,前一階段(1833-1854)主要負責美國公理宗海外傳道部在廣州布道站的印刷與出版工作。在這期間,衛(wèi)三畏參與了中美《望廈條約》(1844)與日美《神奈川條約》(1854)的翻譯和談判,積累了一定的外交經(jīng)驗,為之后的外交生涯奠定了基礎(chǔ)。后一階段(1855-1876),衛(wèi)三畏擔任美國駐華公使館的翻譯兼秘書,直接參與中美之間的外交事務(wù),成為影響這一時期中美外交關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵人物之一。第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭期間,他兩次(1858、1859)隨美國特命全權(quán)駐華委員赴天津、北京,并參與中美《天津條約》的談判和簽訂。盡管沒有得到駐華委員列威廉的支持,但在他的堅持要求之下,清政府最終同意在中美《天津條約》中加入宗教“寬容條款”。這一條款不僅使外國傳教士,也使中國信徒脫離清政府的管轄,歸于外國宗教團體的保護之下,從而使教會成為外國保護的‘國中之國’,對19世紀后半葉中外關(guān)系影響甚大。此后,美國援引最惠國待遇條款,緊隨英法在北京設(shè)立了駐華公使團。衛(wèi)三畏在1862-1876年間一直擔任美國駐華使團的秘書兼翻譯,親自督建了駐華公使的在京住宅和秘書處,長期負責使團的翻譯和秘書工作,并多次代理公使職務(wù),累計時間超過4年,對于美國駐華使團的維持和運轉(zhuǎn)都起著重要作用。在代理公使期間,衛(wèi)三畏處理的最具代表性的事件便是白齊文一案。為了中美之間的友好關(guān)系,衛(wèi)三畏主張將白齊文交予清政府審判。美國駐上�？傤I(lǐng)事西華以及大多數(shù)外國人卻認為根據(jù)領(lǐng)事裁判權(quán)的規(guī)定,清政府無權(quán)審判白齊文,必須交由美國領(lǐng)事審判。不過在白齊文遇難以及衛(wèi)三畏本人遭到輿論批評后,他的態(tài)度又有了較大的轉(zhuǎn)變。衛(wèi)三畏身兼?zhèn)鹘淌�、漢學家、外交官等多重身份,這使得他對此案持持有復(fù)雜的態(tài)度。衛(wèi)三畏的外交經(jīng)歷在一定程度上反映了19世紀美國的在華傳教士與外交官之間的密切關(guān)系。雖然他如此持久而又密切參與了這一時期的中美事務(wù),但美國非職業(yè)的駐華外事機構(gòu)和制度既給了衛(wèi)三畏進入外交領(lǐng)域的機遇,也限制了他上升的可能,使他得以傳教士的身份進入外交領(lǐng)域,卻只能以翻譯兼秘書的身份結(jié)束二十余年的外交生涯。
[Abstract]:Wei Sanwei was one of the American missionaries to China in the 19 th century. He has lived in China for more than 40 years since his arrival in 1833, not only as a missionary, Sinologist, but also as a diplomatic official. His career in China was divided into two stages, the former one was mainly responsible for the printing and publishing of American axiomatic missions overseas at the Guangzhou sermon station. During this period, Wei participated in the translation and negotiation between the Sino-American Treaty of Wangxia (1844) and the Japanese-US Treaty of Kanagawa (1854), accumulated certain diplomatic experience and laid a foundation for the diplomatic career. In the latter stage, Wei Sanwei served as the translation and secretary of the American Embassy in China and directly participated in the diplomatic affairs between China and the United States, and became one of the key figures influencing the Sino-American diplomatic relations in this period. During the second Opium War, he went to Tianjin, Beijing with the United States extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Beijing, and participated in the negotiation and signing of the Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin. Although he did not support William, the Qing government finally agreed to add religious "tolerance clauses" to the Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin. This clause not only makes foreign missionaries, but also Chinese believers out of the jurisdiction of the Qing government, and falls under the protection of foreign religious groups, thus making the church become a country of foreign protection, which has a great impact on Sino-foreign relations in the second half of the 19th century. Since then, the United States invoked the MFN clause, followed by Britain and France in Beijing to set up a delegation of ministers to China. During the period from 1862 to 1876, Wei Sanwei served as secretary and interpreter of the US Mission to China, and personally supervised and established the residence and secretariat of the Minister of China in Beijing. He was responsible for the translation and secretarial work of the mission for a long time, and acted as minister for many times, with a cumulative time of more than four years. It plays an important role in the maintenance and operation of American missions to China. During the acting Minister period, the most representative event handled by Wei San Fu was the case of Bai Qi Wen. For the sake of friendly relations between China and the United States, Wei Sanshou advocated that Bai Qiwen be put before the Qing government for trial. Xi Hua, the US consul general in Shanghai, and most foreigners believed that according to the consular jurisdiction, the Qing government had no right to try Bai Qiwen, and had to be tried by the American consul. However, after Bai Qiwen's death and Wei Sanwei himself was criticized by public opinion, his attitude changed greatly. Wei's multiple identities as a missionary, Sinologist, diplomat, etc., make his attitude to the case complicated. Wei's diplomatic experience reflects to some extent the close relationship between American missionaries and diplomats in China in the 19 th century. Although he was so long and closely involved in the affairs of China and the United States during this period, the non-professional foreign affairs institutions and institutions of the United States in China have not only given Wei Sanshang the opportunity to enter the diplomatic field, but also limited the possibility of his rise. It enabled him to enter the diplomatic field as a missionary, but only as a translator and secretary ended his twenty-year diplomatic career.
【學位授予單位】：四川師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D829.712;K252

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本文編號：1882858