本文選題：遇難船 + 沿海國�。� 參考：《河北經貿大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：遇難船避難的概念是由IMO(國際海事組織)法律委員會于上世紀八十年代提出的,一經問世就成為學界的熱門話題。沿海國是否有為遇難船提供避難地的義務,又或者說遇難船是否有進入沿海國避難的權利,甚至是否需要制定一個新的國際公約,這些問題均成為了相關國際組織會議中的爭議要點,海事領域的學者在學術著作中對遇難船避難準入問題發(fā)表的見解也可謂百家爭鳴。目前,國內外在遇難船避難準入問題上的研究工作不斷地深入,取得了一定的研究成果。但關于是否允許遇難船進入其避難地,各國仍然秉持不同的態(tài)度。目前,國際社會上尚無統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則可以借鑒和遵循,建立一個統(tǒng)一有效的遇難船避難準入機制仍需再接再厲。筆者通過研究遇難船避難準入問題的相關文獻,發(fā)現(xiàn)我國的研究主要集中在避難地上,在其他方面并未涉及,這極不利于我國遇難船避難準入制度的建設。The Erika、the Castor、the Prestige案件的發(fā)生,更引起了國內外學者對該問題的議論熱潮。因此對遇難船避難準入問題的研究具有很大的理論意義和實踐意義。本文通過闡明遇難船避難準入的法理基礎理論,剖釋沿海國屢次拒絕遇難船避難準入的原由,分析遇難船避難準入問題上的法律困境,旨在探尋出一條有效的避難準入機制之路,不論在國際層面,還是我國對該問題的應對。在此目標下,筆者將文章分成五個部分進行論述:第一部分,講解了選題的來源、意義及國內外對該問題研究的現(xiàn)狀。遇難船進入沿海國避難進行修理或救助是在海上遭遇海難時最為適當?shù)穆窂�。但沿海國不會不考慮相關因素就徑直答應遇難船避難的請求。沿海國往往在思量自身安全和環(huán)境保護之后,拒絕遇難船進入其避難地,遇難船避難準入問題進而產生。關于該問題,目前沒有相關的國際習慣和生效的國際公約對此作出明確規(guī)定。對于遇難船避難準入問題,就我國而言,不管是理論研究,還是在制度建設上,均落后于其余的海事大國。對該問題,國內外的學者均作出一定程度的研究,雖研究程度可能各異,海商法學家對此均在專著和文章中各抒己見。第二部分,闡述了遇難船避難準入的基本概念,通過舉三起典型的海難事故的例子闡釋出該問題產生的背景,并概括出該問題出現(xiàn)之后國內外立法現(xiàn)狀和該問題的發(fā)展趨勢。近幾十年來,國際上萬噸以上油輪溢油海難事故屢有發(fā)生。The Erika、the Castor、the Prestige案件的發(fā)生,更引起了國內外對該問題的廣泛關注。目前,該問題呈現(xiàn)出沿海國提供避難地的意識不斷加強,國際立法將實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一、明確,避難地范圍不斷擴大的發(fā)展趨勢。第三部分,在上述的基礎上,闡述了遇難船避難準入問題的法理基礎,即國際上關于為遇難船提供避難地的四種理論觀點和沿海國和遇難船雙方在避難準入問題上的權利義務。并深入分析了該問題在國際公約下、國際習慣法上、國內法下的法律困境。第四部分,針對該問題出現(xiàn)的原因、現(xiàn)狀,提出對該問題的解決對策,包括國際對策和我國的應對。國際上對該問題的解決提出了執(zhí)行現(xiàn)有的國際公約的規(guī)定、修訂現(xiàn)有的相關國際公約的規(guī)定、建立統(tǒng)一的國際公約以及制定示范法或指南的對策。針對該問題,我國在完善專門立法、建立事故應急反應制度、建立風險評估機制和完善國際合作交流機制等方面予以應對。第五部分,回顧全文,筆者認為,明確沿海國具有向遇難船提供避難地的義務是解決遇難船避難準入問題的最直接的對策。為此,對應地,最好的是建立一個統(tǒng)一、專門的公約。我國也應該加強對遇難船避難地問題的研究,參考IMO《指南》規(guī)定的內容,完善專門立法,建立事故應急反應制度,建立風險評估機制,完善國際合作交流機制,希望為構建和完善遇難船避難準入的一整套機制增磚添瓦。
[Abstract]:The concept of the refuge of the wrecked ship was put forward by the IMO (International Maritime Organization) Legal Committee in 80s and became a hot topic in the academic world. Whether there is an obligation to provide refuge for a wrecked ship along the sea, or whether the wrecked ship has the right to access the coastal state, or not even need to make a new one. International conventions have all become the main points in the conference of international organizations. Scholars in the maritime field have contended on the issue of asylum admittance for shipwrecks in the academic works. At present, the research work on the problem of asylum admittance for shipwrecks at home and abroad has been constantly deepening, and some research results have been obtained. However, all countries still hold different attitudes about whether to allow the wrecked ship to enter its refuge. At present, there is no unified rules in the international community for reference and follow, and the establishment of a unified and effective asylum admittance mechanism for the victims of the wrecked ship still needs to be repeated. The research is mainly concentrated on the refuge, which is not involved in other aspects. This is not conducive to the construction of the asylum admittance system of the wrecked ship.The Erika, the Castor, the Prestige case, which has caused more scholars at home and abroad to discuss the problem. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance to the study of the problem of avoiding the difficult access of the wrecked ship. Through clarifying the basic theory of the legal theory of the asylum admittance of the wrecked ship, this article explains the reasons that the coastal states have repeatedly rejected the origin of the asylum admittance of the wrecks, and analyzes the Legal Predicament on the asylum admittance of the wrecked ship, and aims to explore an effective way of asylum admittance, both at the international level and in our country's response to the problem. Under this goal, the author divides the article into five parts: the first part explains the origin of the topic, the significance and the status of the study at home and abroad. The most appropriate path for the shipwreck to be repaired or saved in the coastal state is the most appropriate way to meet the sea difficulties. The coastal state often refuses the ship to enter its refuge after thinking about its own safety and environmental protection, and the problem of asylum admittance of the wrecked ship has come into being. At present, there are no relevant international conventions and effective international conventions on this issue. In terms of theoretical research and system construction, both of them lag behind the other maritime powers. The scholars both at home and abroad have made a certain degree of research on this issue. Although the degree of research may vary, the maritime jurists have expressed their views in the monographs and articles. In the second part, the basic concepts of the asylum admittance for the wrecked ship are expounded. Three examples of typical marine accidents are given to explain the background of the problem, and the status of legislation and the development trend of this problem after the emergence of this problem are summarized. In recent decades, more than ten thousand tons of oil tanker accidents in the world have occurred frequently in the case of.The Erika, the Castor and the Prestige. In the third part, the third part, on the basis of the above, expounds the legal basis for the problem of the asylum in the wrecked ship, that is, the international concern about the wrecked ship. The four theoretical views of the refuge and the rights and obligations of the coastal States and the victims of the shipwreck on the issue of asylum and admittance are provided. The legal plight under international convention, international customary law and domestic law is deeply analyzed. The fourth part, in view of the reasons for the problem, presents the solutions to the problem, including the international policy. Policy and China's response. The International Convention on the problem is put forward to implement the provisions of the existing international conventions, to revise the provisions of the existing international conventions, to establish a unified international convention and to formulate a demonstration law or guide. The fifth part, reviewing the full text, the author believes that it is the most direct way to clarify the obligation of coastal States to provide refuge to the wrecked ship. For this reason, the best one is to establish a unified, special convention. We should strengthen the research on the problem of the refuge of the wrecked ship, refer to the contents of the IMO< guide, perfect the special legislation, establish the emergency response system, establish the risk assessment mechanism, perfect the international cooperation and exchange mechanism, and hope to add a complete set of additional bricks and bricks for the construction and improvement of the asylum admittance of the wrecked ship.

【學位授予單位】：河北經貿大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D996.19

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