本文選題：中華民國約法 + 資產(chǎn)階級共和國��； 參考：《天津商業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：由于《中華民國約法》(即《約法》)是在袁世凱解散國會后制定的,并且被公布一年半后,袁世凱公開復(fù)辟,因此,學(xué)界多認為《約法》的制定,是為袁世凱復(fù)辟帝制鋪平道路,其本質(zhì)上是封建獨裁性質(zhì)的憲法性文件。其實,這種評價有失公允。資產(chǎn)階級共和國原則是衡量憲法性質(zhì)的重要標準,《約法》從整體上確立了作為資產(chǎn)階級共和國原則重要組成部分的人民主權(quán)原則、代議制原則、基本權(quán)利原則、權(quán)力分立制衡原則等一系列原則�！都s法》繼承了《臨時約法》對于人民權(quán)利的保障,否定了封建等級及特權(quán)制度,并且通過嫻熟的立法技術(shù),使得權(quán)利保障體系更為完善。《約法》所確立的總統(tǒng)制雖趨于保守,但不應(yīng)視之為封建獨裁,總統(tǒng)權(quán)仍然受到立法權(quán)與司法權(quán)的限制。當時內(nèi)閣制下的國內(nèi)形勢危機重重,人們對此多有批評�！都s法》確立的“超總統(tǒng)制”在當時的歷史條件下更適合中國國情,是對“畸形內(nèi)閣制”、“超議會制”過度弱化行政權(quán)的一種糾正,雖矯枉過正,但并不影響其資產(chǎn)階級共和國的政體性質(zhì)。同時,《約法》實施后,經(jīng)濟得到發(fā)展,社會趨于穩(wěn)定,社會各方面均頗有成效,表明《約法》并沒有成為社會發(fā)展的阻力。將清室優(yōu)待條款列入《約法》,并非如人所詬病的那樣,是拉攏清室遺老遺少的支持,是公然復(fù)辟的前兆,而是對清末民初南北政府之間政治契約的遵守,能有效地防止領(lǐng)土的內(nèi)外部分裂及清帝的復(fù)辟,從側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了對民國共和精神的維護�！都s法》賦予總統(tǒng)增修案的提案權(quán),是對立法權(quán)與行政權(quán)的平衡,防止立法院獨攬修憲權(quán)�！都s法》規(guī)定了約法會議作為特殊的增修機關(guān),以區(qū)別普通法律的增修主體,從制憲技術(shù)看,約法會議相較于立法院更為合適。總之,從《約法》文本和當時的歷史情況來看,《約法》仍不失為一部具有資產(chǎn)階級共和國性質(zhì)的憲法文件。學(xué)術(shù)研究應(yīng)持客觀、公正的態(tài)度,不能因人而論�？陀^評價《約法》,努力挖掘其中寶貴的制憲經(jīng)驗,是不應(yīng)被忽略的重要課題。
[Abstract]:Since the Treaty Law of the Republic of China (that is, the Constitution Law) was enacted after the dissolution of the National Assembly by the Yuan Shikai and was announced one and a half years later, Yuan Shikai was publicly restored. Therefore, many scholars believe that the enactment of the Constitution Law paves the way for the restoration of the imperial system by Yuan Shikai. Its essence is the feudal autocratic nature of the constitutional documents. In fact, this evaluation is unfair. The principle of bourgeois republic is an important standard to measure the nature of the constitution. The principle of people's sovereignty, the principle of representative system and the principle of basic rights, which is an important part of the principle of bourgeois republic, has been established in the Law of the Constitution as a whole. A series of principles, such as the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances, inherited the protection of the people's rights by the interim Treaty Law, denied the feudal hierarchy and privilege system, and passed through skilled legislative techniques. Although the presidential system established by the Treaty Law tends to be conservative, it should not be regarded as a feudal dictatorship, and the power of the President is still restricted by the legislative and judicial powers. At that time, the domestic situation under the cabinet system was fraught with crises, and people criticized it. The "super presidential system" established by the "Constitution Law" was more suitable for China's national conditions under the historical conditions at that time, and it was about the "abnormal cabinet system." A correction of the excessive weakening of executive power in the "super parliamentary system" does not affect the political nature of the bourgeois republic, although it is overdone. At the same time, after the implementation of the contract Law, the economy has been developed, the society tends to be stable, and all aspects of the society have been quite effective, which indicates that the contract Law has not become a resistance to social development. The inclusion of the preferential treatment clause in the Qing Dynasty in the Treaty Law is not, as people have criticized, the support of the elderly and the children of the Qing Dynasty; it is a harbinger of a blatant restoration; it is the observance of the political contract between the North and the South governments in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. It can effectively prevent the internal and external division of the territory and the restoration of the Qing emperor, which embodies the maintenance of the Republican spirit of the Republic of China. The Bill Law gives the President the power to propose additional amendments, which is a balance between the legislative power and the executive power. To prevent the Legislative Yuan from monopolizing the right to amend the Constitution, the "Constitution Law" stipulates that the Convention of Treaty and Law is a special additional organ to distinguish the subject of the amendment of ordinary law. From the point of view of constitution-making technology, the convention of law of contract is more appropriate than the legislative court. In a word, judging from the text of the Constitution Law and the historical situation at that time, it is still a constitutional document with the character of the bourgeois republic. Academic research should be objective and impartial, not just. It is an important subject that should not be ignored to objectively evaluate the covenant law and to dig out the valuable experience of constitution.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津商業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D929

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