本文選題：訟師 + 法律地位�。� 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：訟師是中國古代特有的現(xiàn)象,他們背后所代表的傳統(tǒng)法律文化和政治文化都極具特色、不可忽視。訟師雖然確實(shí)且長期地在中國傳統(tǒng)法律文化中存在,但由于單一集權(quán)式的政治結(jié)構(gòu)及政治意識滲透到社會生活的各個方面,加上統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)推行“無訟”的思想,訟師一直處于被官方所拒絕和打壓的尷尬境地。除了在商品經(jīng)濟(jì)極大發(fā)展、訟學(xué)興盛的宋朝,官府承認(rèn)代寫書鋪的合法存在之外,歷代政府對訟師的活動嚴(yán)加禁止,明清時期更甚。中華法系在清末隨著西方法文化的傳入而被代替,傳統(tǒng)的政治文化和法律文化所構(gòu)筑的倫理大堤受到外來文化和思想的不斷沖擊,逐漸消退在歷史的塵埃中。律師制度在清末由“蘇報案”被戲劇性地被傳入中國大地,從此,其正當(dāng)性和合法地位得到承認(rèn)。律師群體在依法治國、建設(shè)社會主義法治文明的今天,是一股重要的力量。本文一共分四個部分。第一部分主要以現(xiàn)代人對訟師的一般理解為開端,辨析了在古代社會中,訟師的實(shí)際形象;再借助史料記載中對訟師的各種稱呼,解析其所代表的不同內(nèi)涵,以客觀展示訟師的形象。第二部分從四個方面分析了訟師的社會定位:在官府與民眾間的溝通橋梁作用。訟師通過代民寫書狀、指點(diǎn)訴訟技巧和打點(diǎn)官府,在訴訟活動中幫助當(dāng)事人或自己避免不利處境。訟師的這些活動實(shí)則是通過他們自身的法律、文化素養(yǎng),且非官非民的身份,在溝通代表著官僚精英文化的“大傳統(tǒng)”和民間社會的“小傳統(tǒng)”。訟師的活動雖然為官府所禁止,但其存在是必然的。第三部分針對官府對訟師的打壓從三個方面分析了原因,分別是“無訟”觀念的推行、權(quán)威的不容質(zhì)疑與挑戰(zhàn),以及儒家經(jīng)典的“義利觀”。第四部分以“蘇報案”為開端,介紹了晚清政府對律師制度的承認(rèn)與引進(jìn)。訟師在民間的活動被律師所取代。滿清保守的官僚依舊擔(dān)憂律師是訟師的“借尸還魂”,嚴(yán)加限制和提防。傳統(tǒng)的慣性使得完善的律師制度在中國的建立頗為艱難,依舊有很多人將律師與訟師等同。二者雖存在著一定程度上的相似性,但有著較大的差別,只有在二者各自存在的背景中進(jìn)行比較研究,才具有意義。在這一部分,筆者將中國古代的訟師與極具代表性的英國律師制度進(jìn)行對比,分別從產(chǎn)生背景、法律地位、社會作用和是否構(gòu)成群體四個方面做了比較。訟師與英國律師的差別不僅僅是制度上的不同,更是為其所處的不同政治環(huán)境和法律文化所決定。對比既加深了認(rèn)識,也以期對我國的律師制度有所借鑒。
[Abstract]:Advocate is a unique phenomenon in ancient China. The traditional legal culture and political culture behind them are very special and can not be ignored. Although the litigants did exist in the traditional Chinese legal culture for a long time, but because of the single centralized political structure and political consciousness permeating into all aspects of social life, plus the ruling group to carry out the idea of "no litigation". The barrister has been in the awkward position of being rejected and suppressed by the authorities. In addition to the great development of commodity economy, the flourishing of litigation in the Song Dynasty, the government acknowledged the legal existence of the book shop, the past dynasties government strictly prohibited the activities of the advocate, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese law system was replaced with the introduction of the western method culture. The traditional political culture and the legal culture were constantly impacted by the foreign culture and thought, and gradually disappeared in the dust of history. In the late Qing Dynasty, the lawyer system was dramatically introduced into China by Su, and its legitimacy and legal status were recognized. Lawyers are an important force in ruling the country according to law and building socialist civilization of rule of law. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part mainly starts with the modern people's general understanding of the advocate, discriminates and analyzes the actual image of the advocate in the ancient society, and then with the help of the historical records of the various names of the advocate, analyzes the different connotations it represents. To objectively display the image of the advocate. The second part analyzes the social orientation of the advocate from four aspects: the role of communication between the government and the public. By writing pleadings on behalf of the people, instructing litigation techniques and the government, the advocate helps the litigant or himself to avoid disadvantages in litigation activities. In fact, through their own laws, culture, and non-official and non-civil status, the litigants' activities represent the "great tradition" of the bureaucratic elite culture and the "small tradition" of the civil society. Although the activities of advocates are prohibited by the government, their existence is inevitable. The third part analyzes the reasons from three aspects: the implementation of the concept of "no lawsuit", the indisputable and challenge of authority, and the Confucian classic "view of justice and profit". The fourth part introduces the recognition and introduction of the lawyer system in the late Qing Dynasty. The advocate's activities in the people were replaced by lawyers. The conservative bureaucrats of the Qing Dynasty still worried that the lawyer was the advocate of "borrowing the body to return the soul", strict restrictions and precautions. The traditional inertia makes the establishment of perfect lawyer system difficult in China, and many people still equate lawyer with advocate. Although they are similar to each other to some extent, they are quite different, so it is meaningful to make a comparative study in the background of their respective existence. In this part, the author compares the ancient Chinese barristers with the representative English lawyer system from four aspects: the background, the legal status, the social role and whether to form a group. The difference between a barrister and an English lawyer is not only the institutional difference, but also the different political environment and legal culture. The contrast not only deepens the understanding, but also hopes to draw lessons from the lawyer system of our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D929

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