本文關(guān)鍵詞：刑事職業(yè)禁止的司法適用研究　出處：《安徽大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：隨著國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,人們工作節(jié)奏的加快,現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的職業(yè)分工呈現(xiàn)日益精細(xì)化的特點(diǎn)。其中不少職業(yè)類(lèi)型對(duì)從業(yè)人員的資格有特定的要求,特殊的職業(yè)門(mén)檻形成了特殊的職業(yè)犯罪類(lèi)型。我國(guó)早已通過(guò)行政法規(guī)范的方式,對(duì)許多特定職業(yè)犯罪進(jìn)行規(guī)制。盡管這些規(guī)范對(duì)從業(yè)人員產(chǎn)生了一定的影響,但是仍然存在大量利用職業(yè)便利或者違背職業(yè)要求的特定義務(wù)而實(shí)施犯罪的行為游離于法律規(guī)制之外。囿于傳統(tǒng)刑罰體系的固然弊病,亦無(wú)法有效治理此類(lèi)犯罪。因此,《刑法修正案(九)》增設(shè)"刑事職業(yè)禁止"規(guī)范,將職業(yè)禁止提升至刑事法的立法高度。這是繼《刑法修正案(八)》增設(shè)"禁止令"后又增加的一項(xiàng)預(yù)防性措施。顧名思義,預(yù)防性措施是以預(yù)防為特定目的和功能的措施。與懲罰性措施相比,預(yù)防性措施具有兩方面的顯著特點(diǎn):一是以行為人的人身危險(xiǎn)性為重要立足點(diǎn),關(guān)注行為人的再犯可能性;二是以"預(yù)防"為主要和直接目的,區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)刑罰以懲罰為直接目的。盡管新制度已經(jīng)出臺(tái),但是仍然存在法律性質(zhì)定位不明確、司法適用條件不清晰和相關(guān)適用規(guī)定不完善等問(wèn)題。當(dāng)前我國(guó)關(guān)于刑事職業(yè)禁止法律性質(zhì)的學(xué)說(shuō)主要有非刑罰處罰措施說(shuō)、資格刑說(shuō)、保安處分說(shuō)、刑罰的附帶處分說(shuō)和刑罰的輔助性措施說(shuō),而域外國(guó)家或地區(qū)對(duì)職業(yè)禁止多定性為刑罰或保安處分。通過(guò)對(duì)刑法第37條的"非刑罰處罰措施"進(jìn)行教義闡釋及對(duì)保安處分特征進(jìn)行規(guī)范性分析后,刑事職業(yè)禁止的法律性質(zhì)應(yīng)當(dāng)歸屬于保安處分。刑事職業(yè)禁止的保安處分性質(zhì)決定了法院在適用時(shí)要遵循法益衡量原則、刑法謙抑原則和比例原則。其次,職業(yè)范圍的認(rèn)定不宜過(guò)窄或過(guò)寬,應(yīng)當(dāng)滿(mǎn)足已經(jīng)造成嚴(yán)重后果、易受侵害等特征。再次,實(shí)質(zhì)條件應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格根據(jù)犯罪情況和預(yù)防再犯罪的需要。復(fù)次,被判處的刑罰條件應(yīng)當(dāng)局限于拘役或有期徒刑的實(shí)刑。最后,對(duì)于違反刑事職業(yè)禁止的行政法律后果應(yīng)當(dāng)予以明確。由于適用刑事職業(yè)禁止的前提是判處刑罰,宣告時(shí)間在刑罰執(zhí)行完畢前或假釋前,故只有部分行政職業(yè)禁止規(guī)范與刑事職業(yè)禁止適用時(shí)存在沖突。法條中的"從其規(guī)定"應(yīng)當(dāng)理解為"注意規(guī)定",而非一切以法院為宣告主體,以行政職業(yè)禁止的適用條件和期限為依據(jù)。在適用存在沖突時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持刑法謙抑性,同時(shí)以刑事職業(yè)禁止的適用條件為依據(jù),審慎決定適用期限。此外,我國(guó)刑法中實(shí)際上一直存在保安處分措施,只是沒(méi)有為其正名。因此建議將保安處分的概念引入刑法典,整合原有的保安處分性質(zhì)的措施,適時(shí)增設(shè)其它保安性措施,進(jìn)而形成完整的體系。其次,應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)我國(guó)刑事職業(yè)禁止的適用程序進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),并分別從職業(yè)禁止的提出程序、宣告程序、執(zhí)行程序和救濟(jì)方式四個(gè)方面提出構(gòu)想。最后,建議將因利用職業(yè)便利或違背職業(yè)要求的特定義務(wù)而實(shí)施了違法行為,或者因鑒定無(wú)刑事責(zé)任能力的情況納入刑事職業(yè)禁止予以規(guī)制。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of the national economy, people to accelerate the pace of work, occupation division of modern society is becoming more and more sophisticated features. Among the many types of occupation qualification of employees have specific requirements, special occupation threshold formed a special occupation crime type. China has by administrative law, the regulation of the many specific occupation crime. Although these norms have a certain impact on employees, but there are still a lot of convenience by occupation or contrary to the requirements of specific duty occupation crime free from legal regulation. Limited to the traditional penalty system is also not effective governance ills, this kind of crime. Therefore, "criminal law amendment (nine) > Add" criminal occupation prohibition norms, legislation to prohibit the high occupation of criminal law. This is the "criminal law amendment (eight) > Add" prohibiting "As a precautionary measure added. As the name suggests, is taking preventive measures for a specific purpose and function of preventive measures. Compared with punitive measures, with prominent features in two aspects: one is to take preventive measures of personal danger as an important foothold, close the possibility of recidivism note behavior the two is to" prevent "; is the main and direct purpose, different from the traditional penalty directly aim to punishment. Although the new system has been introduced, but there are still legal nature of positioning is not clear, the applicable conditions are not clear and the problem of judicial applicable regulation is not perfect. China's current criminal law on occupation nature theory the main non penalty punishment, qualification punishment, security punishment, punishment and penalty with auxiliary measures of punishment, and in foreign countries or regions to prohibit the occupation as punishment or qualitative security . according to Article thirty-seventh of the criminal law of "non penalty measures" doctrine of interpretation and normative analysis on the characteristics of security measures, the legal nature of the criminal prohibition of occupation should be attributed to security measures. The security punishment prohibited occupation determines the nature of the criminal court should follow the legal measure principle when applicable, the criminal law principle and the principle of proportionality. Secondly, the scope of the occupation identification should not be too narrow or too wide, should meet have serious consequences, such as vulnerable characteristics. Thirdly, substantive conditions should be strictly according to the circumstances of the crime and crime prevention needs. Besides, sentence conditions should be limited to criminal detention or imprisonment real punishment finally, in violation of the administrative legal consequences of criminal occupation should be clear. The ban is the premise of application of the criminal prohibition of occupation penalty, the penalty is finished before the time of announcement or parole Before, it is only part of the administrative and criminal norms prohibit occupation occupation prohibition when there is a conflict. In the law "from its provisions" should be understood as "notice", rather than to the court for declaration of all subjects, with the applicable conditions and the time limit of administrative occupation prohibition as the basis. In the appropriate when there is a conflict, should adhere to the modesty of criminal law, and applicable conditions in the criminal prohibition occupation as the basis, prudent decision application deadline. In addition, China's criminal law has actually been existing security measures, not only for its name. It is suggested that the concept of security punishment into criminal law, the integration of security measures nature of the original measures, timely additional other security measures, and form a complete system. Secondly, we should design the procedure of our criminal occupation prohibited, and were put forward from the occupation procedures prohibited, declaration procedures, implementation procedures and save In the four aspects, we put forward the idea of the way of economic development. Finally, we suggested that illegal actions should be implemented because of the specific obligations of occupations facilitating or violating professional requirements, or we should be excluded from the criminal occupational prohibition because of the lack of criminal responsibility.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D924

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本文編號(hào)：1439945