鹽池縣封育條件下草地生態(tài)環(huán)境演變態(tài)勢及草場管理
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-09 15:57
【摘要】：禁牧封育是為我國最重要的生態(tài)保護(hù)措施之一,尤其在干旱半干旱地區(qū)。通過退耕還林和禁牧封育,有效的遏制了草原退化沙化,為各種牧草的生長提供了生境及休養(yǎng)生息的條件,促使草原植被較快恢復(fù),實現(xiàn)草原資源的永續(xù)利用和自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的良性循環(huán)。本文結(jié)合國家荒漠化定位監(jiān)測項目,以全國荒漠化定位監(jiān)測站、中國北方農(nóng)牧交錯帶沙質(zhì)荒漠化強(qiáng)烈發(fā)展地區(qū)之一寧夏鹽池縣為例,從生態(tài)學(xué)和利用的角度,通過地面樣地調(diào)查與宏觀遙感監(jiān)測相結(jié)合的方法,分析封育措施下植物群落的演替態(tài)勢、土壤質(zhì)地的變化特征以及草地的健康狀況,試圖找到沙化草地植被的最佳恢復(fù)方式,探討草場的生態(tài)管理模式,解決生態(tài)保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)間的沖突問題,為沙化草地植被恢復(fù)及草場管理提供理論依據(jù),主要階段性成果如下：(1)研究區(qū)內(nèi)草本植物占絕對優(yōu)勢,其中多年生草本占大多數(shù),灌木、半灌木最少。從科屬組成來看,豆科植物和菊科植物占主要地位,其次為禾本科、藜科。運用TWINSPAN等級分類將研究區(qū)在4級水平上劃分為7個群落類型。(2)對寧夏鹽池縣自然地帶沙地植被演替的研究表明,一般正向演替序列為：一年生草本短命先鋒植物→一、二年生草本植物→多年生草本植物→多年生半灌木、灌木。退耕還林地、天然草地和翻耕區(qū)正處于以一年生和多年生草本為主要優(yōu)勢種的正向演替階段；新封育區(qū)和半封育區(qū)正處于以半灌木、灌木和多年生草本為主要優(yōu)勢種的正向演替階段；而老封育區(qū)呈現(xiàn)以多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢種的逆向演替趨勢。在植物群落的正向演替過程中,群落中物種的生態(tài)位寬度趨于均勻化。(3)對帶狀翻耕區(qū)內(nèi)植被恢復(fù)狀況研究表明,翻耕能夠增加生物多樣性、提高群落均勻度,但這種作用并不顯著,在植被蓋度和生物量方面,翻耕區(qū)的數(shù)值波動很大,并沒有明顯的提高,群落穩(wěn)定性較差,翻耕區(qū)內(nèi)土壤含水量較低,養(yǎng)分含量很少。所以,就目前的研究來看帶狀翻耕對于鹽池草場來說,并不是一種很好的恢復(fù)方式。(4)研究區(qū)土壤貧瘠,土壤養(yǎng)分狀況非常差,土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、全鉀、速效鉀、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量很低。放牧等干擾主要影響了土壤表層的理化性質(zhì)。不同深度土層土壤含水量都是半封育區(qū)最高。干擾梯度的不同對速效養(yǎng)分的影響規(guī)律比較明顯,基本上是干擾越大養(yǎng)分含量越低。(5)選取多種對草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)影響較大的因子對鹽池縣的草地進(jìn)行健康等級劃分,優(yōu)等草地占全部草地面積的0.39%,中等占60.18%,劣等占39.43%。單位優(yōu)等草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價值為6286.98元/hm2·a,中等草地為3627.41元/hm2·a,劣等草地為2179.32元/hm2·a。2014年鹽池縣草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的總服務(wù)價值為1375.79×106元。(6)封育措施對植被恢復(fù)的作用效果明顯。它能夠保護(hù)植被免受人畜干擾,為植被提供良好的休養(yǎng)生息的條件,提高群落生物多樣性,改善土壤養(yǎng)分狀況,從而促進(jìn)群落恢復(fù)達(dá)到一個相對穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。從鹽池縣植被覆蓋圖中也可以看出,2002年采取全縣禁牧措施后,2003、2004年植被覆蓋度明顯增加。但長時間的完全封育并不利于植被的恢復(fù)。隨著封育時間的延長,封育區(qū)內(nèi)地表生物結(jié)皮形成并逐漸增厚,不僅與植物爭水爭肥,還直接影響了水分的入滲,從而影響了植物的生長。完全封育的最佳年限為8年左右�？紤]到鹽池縣的生態(tài)脆弱性,建議對草地進(jìn)行分級管理。劣等草地繼續(xù)實行退耕還林以及禁牧封育等植被恢復(fù)措施,對中等草地和優(yōu)等草地實行季節(jié)性放牧或輪牧等方式利用,經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)與生態(tài)保護(hù)的妥協(xié)點為地上生物量的35%。(7)在禁牧政策下,抑制偷牧現(xiàn)象最好的辦法是加大監(jiān)管力度與懲罰強(qiáng)度的同時,提高牧民的長期禁牧收益,當(dāng)禁牧后的收益等于偷牧的短期收益時,即使政府不監(jiān)管牧民也不會偷牧。建議采用輪牧、季節(jié)性放牧政策與禁牧補(bǔ)貼政策相結(jié)合的方法來提高牧民在禁牧政策下的收益。
[Abstract]:It is one of the most important ecological protection measures in China, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The grassland degradation and desertification are effectively restrained by the farmland conversion to the forest and the forbidden animal husbandry, and the conditions of the habitat and the rest and interest are provided for the growth of various herbage, so that the grassland vegetation is quickly recovered, and the sustainable utilization of the grassland resources and the virtuous circle of the natural ecological system are realized. Combined with the national desertification location monitoring project, taking the national desertification location monitoring station and one of the strong development areas of the agriculture and animal husbandry in the north of China, Yanchi County, Ningxia, as an example, from the angle of ecology and utilization, By means of ground-like survey and macro-remote sensing monitoring, the succession situation of the plant community, the change of soil texture and the state of the grassland were analyzed, and the best mode of restoration of the grassland vegetation was tried to find the best mode of restoration of the grassland, and the ecological management mode of the grassland was discussed. To solve the conflict between ecological protection and economic production, to provide the theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and grassland management of the desertification grassland. The main results are as follows: (1) The herb in the study area is an absolute advantage, and the perennial herbs account for most of the shrub and the semi-shrub. In terms of the composition of the family, the leguminous plants and the compound of the family account for the main status, followed by the Gramineae and the family of the family. The study area was divided into 7 community types at 4 levels using the TWINSPAN hierarchy. (2) The study of the vegetation succession in the natural zone of Yanchi County of Ningxia indicates that the normal succession sequence is: annual herb short-life pioneer plant, biennial herb, biennial herb, perennial herb, perennial half-shrub and shrub. The natural grassland and the plowing area are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the annual and perennial herbs; the new and half-sealing areas are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the semi-shrub, the shrub and the perennial herbs; And the old sealing area shows the reverse succession trend of the dominant species of the perennial herbs. In the process of the forward succession of the plant community, the niche breadth of the species in the community tends to be uniform. (3) The research of the vegetation restoration in the strip-like area shows that the plowing can increase the biological diversity and improve the evenness of the community, but the effect is not significant, and the numerical fluctuation of the plowing area is very large in terms of the vegetation cover and the biomass, and there is no obvious improvement. The stability of the community is poor, the water content of the soil in the plowing area is low, and the nutrient content is very low. So, as far as the current research is concerned, the strip-type plowing is not a good way of recovery for the salt-pool meadows. (4) The soil of the study area is poor, the soil nutrient condition is very poor, the soil total nitrogen, the quick-acting nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the quick-acting phosphorus, the total potassium, the quick-acting potassium and the organic matter content are very low. Grazing and other disturbances mainly affect the physical and chemical properties of the surface of the soil. The soil moisture content in different depth soil layers is the highest in the half-sealing area. The influence of the different disturbance gradient on the quick-acting nutrient is more obvious, which is basically the lower the nutrient content of the disturbance. (5) A variety of factors which have a great influence on the grassland ecosystem are selected to carry out the health grade division on the grassland in Yanchi County, and the green grass accounts for 0.39% of the total grassland area, 60.18% of the medium and 39.43% of the inferior. The ecosystem service value of the grassland ecosystem is 6286.98 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a, the middle grassland is 3627.41 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a and the inferior grassland is 2179.32 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a. The total service value of the grassland ecosystem in Yanchi County in 2014 is 1375.79 to 106 yuan. (6) The effect of the protective measures on the restoration of the vegetation is obvious. It can protect the vegetation from human and animal interference, provide the condition of good rest and interest for the vegetation, improve the biological diversity of the community and improve the soil nutrient condition, thereby promoting the community to recover to a relatively stable state. It can also be seen from the vegetation cover map of Yanchi County that the vegetation coverage increased significantly in 2003 and 2004 after the county's ban on grazing in the whole county in 2002. But it is not good for the restoration of vegetation for a long time. Along with the extension of the sealing time, the surface biological crust in the sealing area is formed and gradually thickened, not only is the water dispute with the plant, but also the infiltration of the water is directly affected, thus the growth of the plant is affected. The best period of full-closure is about 8 years. Considering the ecological vulnerability of Yanchi County, it is suggested to carry out hierarchical management on the grassland. The grassland, such as the inferior meadows, continues to carry out the vegetation restoration measures such as the conversion of the farmland to the forest and the cultivation of the forbidden animal, and the use of seasonal grazing or rotation grazing on the medium-and high-quality grassland, and the compromise point of the economic production and the ecological protection is 35% of the above-ground biomass. (7) In the anti-animal husbandry policy, the best way to suppress the phenomenon of grazing is to increase the supervision and punishment strength, to increase the long-term non-grazing income of the herdsmen, and when the income of the prohibited animal is equal to the short-term income of the herding, even if the government does not regulate the herdsmen to steal the animal. It is suggested to improve the income of herdsmen under the prohibition of animal husbandry by means of the combination of the policy of rotation and grazing, the seasonal grazing policy and the policy of the prohibition of animal husbandry.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S812
，
本文編號：2495680
[Abstract]:It is one of the most important ecological protection measures in China, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The grassland degradation and desertification are effectively restrained by the farmland conversion to the forest and the forbidden animal husbandry, and the conditions of the habitat and the rest and interest are provided for the growth of various herbage, so that the grassland vegetation is quickly recovered, and the sustainable utilization of the grassland resources and the virtuous circle of the natural ecological system are realized. Combined with the national desertification location monitoring project, taking the national desertification location monitoring station and one of the strong development areas of the agriculture and animal husbandry in the north of China, Yanchi County, Ningxia, as an example, from the angle of ecology and utilization, By means of ground-like survey and macro-remote sensing monitoring, the succession situation of the plant community, the change of soil texture and the state of the grassland were analyzed, and the best mode of restoration of the grassland vegetation was tried to find the best mode of restoration of the grassland, and the ecological management mode of the grassland was discussed. To solve the conflict between ecological protection and economic production, to provide the theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and grassland management of the desertification grassland. The main results are as follows: (1) The herb in the study area is an absolute advantage, and the perennial herbs account for most of the shrub and the semi-shrub. In terms of the composition of the family, the leguminous plants and the compound of the family account for the main status, followed by the Gramineae and the family of the family. The study area was divided into 7 community types at 4 levels using the TWINSPAN hierarchy. (2) The study of the vegetation succession in the natural zone of Yanchi County of Ningxia indicates that the normal succession sequence is: annual herb short-life pioneer plant, biennial herb, biennial herb, perennial herb, perennial half-shrub and shrub. The natural grassland and the plowing area are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the annual and perennial herbs; the new and half-sealing areas are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the semi-shrub, the shrub and the perennial herbs; And the old sealing area shows the reverse succession trend of the dominant species of the perennial herbs. In the process of the forward succession of the plant community, the niche breadth of the species in the community tends to be uniform. (3) The research of the vegetation restoration in the strip-like area shows that the plowing can increase the biological diversity and improve the evenness of the community, but the effect is not significant, and the numerical fluctuation of the plowing area is very large in terms of the vegetation cover and the biomass, and there is no obvious improvement. The stability of the community is poor, the water content of the soil in the plowing area is low, and the nutrient content is very low. So, as far as the current research is concerned, the strip-type plowing is not a good way of recovery for the salt-pool meadows. (4) The soil of the study area is poor, the soil nutrient condition is very poor, the soil total nitrogen, the quick-acting nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the quick-acting phosphorus, the total potassium, the quick-acting potassium and the organic matter content are very low. Grazing and other disturbances mainly affect the physical and chemical properties of the surface of the soil. The soil moisture content in different depth soil layers is the highest in the half-sealing area. The influence of the different disturbance gradient on the quick-acting nutrient is more obvious, which is basically the lower the nutrient content of the disturbance. (5) A variety of factors which have a great influence on the grassland ecosystem are selected to carry out the health grade division on the grassland in Yanchi County, and the green grass accounts for 0.39% of the total grassland area, 60.18% of the medium and 39.43% of the inferior. The ecosystem service value of the grassland ecosystem is 6286.98 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a, the middle grassland is 3627.41 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a and the inferior grassland is 2179.32 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a. The total service value of the grassland ecosystem in Yanchi County in 2014 is 1375.79 to 106 yuan. (6) The effect of the protective measures on the restoration of the vegetation is obvious. It can protect the vegetation from human and animal interference, provide the condition of good rest and interest for the vegetation, improve the biological diversity of the community and improve the soil nutrient condition, thereby promoting the community to recover to a relatively stable state. It can also be seen from the vegetation cover map of Yanchi County that the vegetation coverage increased significantly in 2003 and 2004 after the county's ban on grazing in the whole county in 2002. But it is not good for the restoration of vegetation for a long time. Along with the extension of the sealing time, the surface biological crust in the sealing area is formed and gradually thickened, not only is the water dispute with the plant, but also the infiltration of the water is directly affected, thus the growth of the plant is affected. The best period of full-closure is about 8 years. Considering the ecological vulnerability of Yanchi County, it is suggested to carry out hierarchical management on the grassland. The grassland, such as the inferior meadows, continues to carry out the vegetation restoration measures such as the conversion of the farmland to the forest and the cultivation of the forbidden animal, and the use of seasonal grazing or rotation grazing on the medium-and high-quality grassland, and the compromise point of the economic production and the ecological protection is 35% of the above-ground biomass. (7) In the anti-animal husbandry policy, the best way to suppress the phenomenon of grazing is to increase the supervision and punishment strength, to increase the long-term non-grazing income of the herdsmen, and when the income of the prohibited animal is equal to the short-term income of the herding, even if the government does not regulate the herdsmen to steal the animal. It is suggested to improve the income of herdsmen under the prohibition of animal husbandry by means of the combination of the policy of rotation and grazing, the seasonal grazing policy and the policy of the prohibition of animal husbandry.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S812
，
本文編號：2495680
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