【摘要】：本論文首先對(duì)吉林省40個(gè)主要栽培水稻品種進(jìn)行種子萌發(fā)期耐鹽堿性鑒定,從中選出10個(gè)品種進(jìn)行全生育期耐鹽堿性鑒定,并對(duì)其中4個(gè)代表品種(耐鹽堿品種東稻4和長(zhǎng)白9,鹽堿敏感品種通育315和長(zhǎng)白25)的磷素積累轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)特征進(jìn)行初步研究,以篩選出東稻4和通育315作為供試材料,對(duì)其在輕度(p H 8.27,ESP 9.7%)和重度(p H 9.09,ESP 21.56%)鹽堿脅迫及不同施磷(P0,P50,P100,P150,P200)條件下的植株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和磷素積累利用轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)特征進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果如下:水稻耐鹽堿性隨植株生長(zhǎng)呈動(dòng)態(tài)變化,且品種間耐鹽堿性差異顯著。東稻4和長(zhǎng)白9在不同鹽堿處理和生長(zhǎng)時(shí)期均表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的耐鹽堿性,種子萌發(fā)率、籽粒產(chǎn)量和鹽堿脅迫耐受閾值較高;通育315僅在萌發(fā)期耐鹽堿性較強(qiáng),在全生育期對(duì)鹽堿較敏感;長(zhǎng)白25的耐鹽堿能力較弱。水稻籽粒磷積累量與其地上各部位生物量呈顯著正相關(guān),籽粒產(chǎn)量和磷積累量則均與各部位Na+/K+呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。鹽堿脅迫使水稻植株生長(zhǎng)減緩、生物量和磷積累量減少、Na+/K+升高、千粒重和結(jié)實(shí)率顯著降低,但對(duì)耐鹽堿品種的影響較小。水稻抽穗期至成熟期,植株?duì)I養(yǎng)部位向籽粒的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)與磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)特征差異較大。干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)粒重的貢獻(xiàn)率較小,不足20%,而磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒磷含量的貢獻(xiàn)率超過(guò)60%。不同程度鹽堿脅迫對(duì)水稻干物質(zhì)量和磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響差異較大,輕度鹽堿脅迫減少了植株干物質(zhì)和磷積累量,顯著增加了二者向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率和對(duì)籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)貢獻(xiàn)率,且東稻4和長(zhǎng)白9的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)指標(biāo)變化較小,磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)指標(biāo)變化較大;通育315和長(zhǎng)白25的干物質(zhì)和磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)指標(biāo)變化則相反。重度鹽堿脅迫下,水稻莖部干物質(zhì)量增加,結(jié)實(shí)率顯著降低,磷吸收效率升高,干物質(zhì)和磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)顯著減少,且耐鹽堿品種東稻4的干物質(zhì)和磷轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)貢獻(xiàn)率受重度鹽堿影響較小,其成熟期磷吸收效率也明顯較高。鹽堿脅迫下水稻品種對(duì)施磷的響應(yīng)差異顯著,存在不同最適施磷量。輕度鹽堿下外施磷肥對(duì)水稻的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和磷營(yíng)養(yǎng)特征影響較小,由于供試土壤中速效磷含量較高,水稻在不施磷時(shí)仍能獲得相對(duì)較高的干物質(zhì)和磷積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量。輕度和重度鹽堿脅迫下,東稻4的最適施磷量分別為150 kg ha-1和200 kg ha-1,通育315的最適施磷量則均為100 kg ha-1。因此耐鹽堿品種對(duì)磷更敏感,尤其在重度鹽堿下施磷能顯著提高水稻生物量和產(chǎn)量,降低Na+/K+,增加磷積累和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)貢獻(xiàn)率和磷收獲指數(shù);而鹽堿敏感品種對(duì)磷的敏感性較弱,重度鹽堿脅迫下植株生長(zhǎng)及磷素運(yùn)移受施磷處理影響較小,受鹽堿脅迫危害較大。合理的磷肥施用應(yīng)緊密結(jié)合水稻品種類型及當(dāng)?shù)赝寥拉h(huán)境。
[Abstract]:In this paper, 40 main cultivated rice varieties in Jilin Province were identified for salt and alkalinity tolerance at seed germination stage, and 10 varieties were selected for salt and alkali tolerance identification during the whole growth period. The characteristics of phosphorus accumulation and transport of four representative varieties (Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9, Tongyu 315 and Changbai 25) were studied, and Dongdao 4 and Tongyu 315 were selected as the tested materials. In mild (p H 8.27, esp 9.7% and severe (p H 9.09, esp 21.56%) saline-alkali stress and different phosphorus application (P0, P50, P100, P150, The characteristics of plant growth and development and phosphorus accumulation and transport under the condition of P200) were studied. The results were as follows: the salt tolerance of rice changed dynamically with plant growth, and there was significant difference in salt tolerance among varieties. Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9 showed strong salt and alkalinity tolerance, seed germination rate, grain yield and saline-alkali stress tolerance threshold at different saline-alkali treatments and growth stages. Tongyu 315 only had strong salt and alkali tolerance at germination stage and was sensitive to salt and alkali during the whole growth period, while Changbai 25 had weak salt and alkali tolerance. There was a significant positive correlation between grain phosphorus accumulation and biomass in all parts of rice, while grain yield and phosphorus accumulation were negatively correlated with Na / K in each part of rice. Saline-alkali stress slowed down the growth of rice plants, decreased biomass and phosphorus accumulation, increased Na / K, and significantly decreased 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate, but had little effect on saline-alkali tolerant varieties. From heading stage to mature stage, the characteristics of dry matter transport and phosphorus transport from plant nutrition site to grain were quite different. The contribution rate of dry matter transport to grain weight was less than 20%, while the contribution rate of phosphorus transport to grain phosphorus content was more than 60%. The effects of different degrees of saline-alkali stress on dry matter quality and phosphorus transport in rice were quite different. Mild saline-alkali stress decreased plant dry matter and phosphorus accumulation, significantly increased their transport to grain, transport efficiency and contribution rate to grain transport. The dry matter transport indexes of Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9 changed little, but the phosphorus transport indexes changed greatly. The dry matter and phosphorus transport indexes of Tongyu 315 and Changbai 25 were opposite. Under severe saline-alkali stress, the dry matter mass of rice stem increased, the seed setting rate decreased significantly, the phosphorus absorption efficiency increased, the dry matter and phosphorus transport decreased significantly, and the dry matter and phosphorus transport of saline-alkali tolerant variety Dongdao 4. The transport efficiency and transport contribution rate were less affected by severe saline-alkali, and the phosphorus absorption efficiency at mature stage was also significantly higher. Under saline-alkali stress, the response of rice varieties to phosphorus application was significantly different, and there were different optimal phosphorus application rates. The external application of phosphorus fertilizer under mild saline and alkali had little effect on the growth and development of rice and the characteristics of phosphorus nutrition. Due to the high content of available phosphorus in the tested soil, rice could still obtain relatively high dry matter and phosphorus accumulation and transport without phosphorus application. Under mild and severe saline-alkali stress, the optimum phosphorus application rate of Dongdao 4 was 150 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1, respectively. Therefore, saline-alkali tolerant varieties were more sensitive to phosphorus, especially under severe saline-alkali conditions, phosphorus application could significantly increase rice biomass and yield, reduce Na / K, increase phosphorus accumulation and transport, transport efficiency, transport contribution rate and phosphorus harvest index. However, the sensitivity of saline-alkali sensitive varieties to phosphorus was weak. Under severe saline-alkali stress, plant growth and phosphorus transport were less affected by phosphorus treatment, but more harmful to saline-alkali stress. Reasonable application of phosphate fertilizer should be closely combined with rice variety types and local soil environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S511

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