【摘要】：改善西北黃土高原旱地果園水分條件的途徑和方法一直是該地區(qū)果樹(shù)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)豐產(chǎn)的核心問(wèn)題。利用不同地表覆蓋方式旱作技術(shù)在甘肅中東部黃土高原旱地果園的示范推廣較大程度地緩解了該區(qū)域降水有限及季節(jié)性干旱對(duì)果樹(shù)生產(chǎn)的限制。本研究采用大田定位試驗(yàn)方法,在年均降雨量500 mm左右的西北黃土高原半干旱丘陵溝壑區(qū)選擇成齡桃園,研究了壟膜保墑集雨技術(shù)(PFM)、麥草覆蓋(SM)和清耕(CT)處理?xiàng)l件下土壤水熱調(diào)控、水分平衡利用、水分利用效率、果實(shí)產(chǎn)量,測(cè)定分析了果實(shí)膨大期桃葉片葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦�、光合作用及果�?shí)品質(zhì)的變化。同時(shí)對(duì)壟膜保墑集雨全年覆蓋(PFM)、壟膜保墑集雨3~6月底覆蓋(JM)及清耕(CT)條件下不同土層(0~30 cm和30~60 cm)土壤水熱時(shí)空變化與土壤養(yǎng)分、礦化特性、微生物生物量、酶活性等進(jìn)行了研究。研究結(jié)果與結(jié)論如下:1、與CT相比,PFM處理增加土壤溫度、SM處理(P0.05)降低了土壤溫度。兩種覆蓋處理均增加了土壤重量含水量絕對(duì)值1.9~2.9%;年蒸散量(ET)降低了82.5 mm(SM)和49.3 mm(PFM)。覆蓋條件下,水分利用效率由對(duì)照CT的5.7 kg m-3提高到了8.1(PFM)和9.0 kg m-3(SM),產(chǎn)量由25.2 t ha-1(CT)提高到了32.2 t ha-1(PFM)和32.5 t ha-1(SM)。2、果實(shí)迅速膨大期PFM和SM處理凈光合速率日均值(PN)分別為13.1μmol m 2 s 1和12.2μmol m 2 s 1較CT 11.4μmol m 2 s 1提高了14.9%和7%;正午13:00葉綠素?zé)晒鈩?dòng)力學(xué)分析表明,PFM和SM與CT比較發(fā)現(xiàn)OJIP曲線顯示CT處理J點(diǎn)明顯升高,不同處理之間相對(duì)可變熒光強(qiáng)度VI差異不顯著;PFM和SM較CT最大光化學(xué)效率(TR0/ABS)升高了3.8%~5.1%,光化學(xué)性能指數(shù)(PI abs)升高了36.4%~41.2%。3、土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量的變化不同深度土壤養(yǎng)分含量各處理間存在差異。0~30cm土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量PFM與CT比顯著降低,JM處理變化不大;全氮含量的變化與有機(jī)質(zhì)含量變化規(guī)律基本一致;土壤全磷PFM、JM與CT比均有所增加。30~60 cm土層PFM和JM土壤全磷明顯較CT低。4、PFM和JM兩種處理均顯著提高了果園土壤有效養(yǎng)分成分,但兩種處理之間存在差異。0~30cm土層,土壤堿解氮PFM和JM分別較對(duì)照增加了27.7%和14.6%;其中0~30cm土層有效磷PFM較JM減少了31.0%、速效鉀增加了5.0%;在30~60cm土層,堿解氮PFM較JM增加了9.7%,有效磷減少了11.5%、速效鉀減少了12%。5、不同深度土壤有機(jī)碳、氮、磷礦化速率不同,處理間存在差異。0~30cm土壤中有機(jī)碳、氮、磷礦化速率明顯大于30~60 cm土壤的礦化速率,其中JM有機(jī)碳礦化速率最大,PFM最小;0~30cm土壤PFM和JM氮礦化速率較CT分別增加41.4%和23.7%,PFM和JM磷礦化速率較CT分別增加23.8%和10.2%,PFM氮、磷礦化速率較JM增加12.5%和11.1%;30~60cm土壤PFM氮礦化速率較JM增加10.1%�？傮w上PFM和JM處理土壤養(yǎng)分礦化速率明顯高于CT。6、PFM、JM顯著提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶的活性,降低根際過(guò)氧化氫酶活性,增加了微生物碳氮含量。其中0~30cm土壤PFM和JM較CT尿酶活性分別增加21.5%和51.42%,磷酸酶活性分別增加11.2%和21.4%,JM較PFM更有利于微生物和酶活性的提高。綜上所述,PFM、SM顯著提高了桃園根際土壤含水量,PFM處理提高了土壤溫度,SM處理土壤溫度有所降低;PFM、SM顯著提高了土壤水分利用效率和產(chǎn)量。果實(shí)迅速膨大期PFM和SM處理提高了葉片凈光合速率日均值PFM、JM提高土壤酶活性并促進(jìn)了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)分解,加速了氮磷鉀礦化速率,增加了土壤速效氮、磷、鉀含量;提高了果品產(chǎn)量、改善了果實(shí)品質(zhì)。壟膜保墑集雨技術(shù)JM處理(6月底揭膜)更有利于土壤環(huán)境的改善。
[Abstract]:The method and the method of improving the water condition of the orchard in the dry land of the Loess Plateau in the northwest of China have been the core problem of the stable and high yield of the fruit trees in the region. The model extension of the dry land on the Loess Plateau in the eastern part of Gansu province with different surface covering methods has largely relieved the limited rainfall in the region and the limitation of the seasonal drought on the production of fruit trees. In this study, a field location test method was used to select an old peach orchard in the semi-arid and semi-arid hills of the Loess Plateau in the northwest of the Loess Plateau, with an average annual rainfall of about 500 mm, and the soil water heat regulation under the conditions of the ridge-mulching and rain-collecting technology (PFM), the wheat straw covering (SM) and the clear-tillage (CT) treatment was studied. The changes of chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis and fruit quality of peach leaves were analyzed by water balance, water use efficiency and fruit yield. At the same time, the spatial and temporal changes of soil water in different soil layers (0-30cm and 30-60 cm) under the conditions of the ridge-keeping and the rain-retaining rain-collecting and rain-collecting covering (PFM), the rain-retaining rain-collecting rain of the ridge-keeping film for 3-6 months (JM) and the clearing-tillage (CT) were studied in this paper, and the soil nutrient, the mineralization characteristics, the microbial biomass, the enzyme activity and the like were studied. The results and conclusions of the study were as follows:1. Compared with CT, PFM treatment increased the soil temperature, and the SM treatment (P0.05) reduced the soil temperature. The absolute value of soil water content was 1.9-2.9%, and the annual evapotranspiration (ET) decreased by 82.5 mm (SM) and 49.3 mm (PFM). The water use efficiency was increased from 5.7 kg m-3 of the control CT to 8.1 (PFM) and 9.0 kg m-3 (SM) under the covering condition, and the yield was increased from 25.2 t ha-1 (CT) to 32.2 t ha-1 (PFM) and 32.5 t ha-1 (SM). The daily mean (PN) of the net photosynthetic rate of PFM and SM in the rapid expansion of the fruit was 13.1. m The results of the comparison of PFM and SM with CT showed that the J-point of the CT was significantly increased, and the difference of the relative variable fluorescence intensity VI between different treatments was not significant; the maximum photochemical efficiency (TR0/ ABS) of PFM and SM increased by 3.8%-5.1%, and the photochemical performance index (PI abs) increased by 36.4% ~ 41.2%. The content of organic matter in soil is different in different depth soil nutrient content. The content of organic matter in the soil of 0 ~ 30 cm is significantly lower than that of the CT, and the change of JM is not small. The change of total nitrogen content is basically the same as that of the organic matter content; the full-phosphorus PFM of the soil, The ratio of JM and CT increased. The total phosphorus of PFM and JM in 30-60 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that of CT.4, PFM and JM both significantly improve the effective nutrient components of the orchard soil, but the difference between the two treatments was 0-30cm soil layer, and the soil alkaline solution nitrogen PFM and JM increased by 27.7% and 14.6%, respectively. the effective phosphorus pfm of 0 to 30 cm soil layer is reduced by 31.0% and the available potassium is increased by 5.0%; in the 30-60 cm soil layer, the alkali solution nitrogen pfm is increased by 9.7%, the effective phosphorus is reduced by 11.5%, and the quick-acting potassium is reduced by 12%.5, the organic carbon, the nitrogen and the phosphorite rate of the soil at different depths are different, The mineralization rate of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorite in the soil from 0 to 30 cm is obviously greater than that of 30-60 cm soil, and the mineralization rate of the JM organic carbon is the largest and the PFM is the minimum; the PFM and JM nitrogen mineralization rates of the soil in the range of 0 to 30 cm are increased by 41.4% and 23.7%, respectively, The mineralization rate of PFM and JM increased by 23.8% and 10.2%, respectively. The rate of PFM nitrogen and phosphorite increased by 12.5% and 11.1%, respectively. The mineralization rate of PFM and N in 30 ~ 60 cm soil increased by 10.1%. In general, the rate of soil nutrient mineralization was significantly higher than that of CT.6, PFM and JM, and the activity of catalase and phosphatase in the soil was significantly increased, and the microbial carbon and nitrogen content was increased. The activity of pPFM and JM in 0-30cm soil increased by 21.5% and 51.42%, respectively, and the activity of phosphatase increased by 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively. In conclusion, PFM and SM significantly improve the water content of the rhizosphere soil of the peach orchard, and the PFM treatment improves the soil temperature, and the temperature of the SM treatment soil is reduced; and the PFM and the SM obviously improve the water use efficiency and the yield of the soil water. In that rapid expansion period of the fruit, the PFM and the SM treatment improve the mean PFM of the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves, improve the activity of the soil enzyme and promote the decomposition of the organic matter of the soil, accelerate the mineralization rate of the nitrogen and phosphorus and the potassium, increase the quick-acting nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium content of the soil, improve the yield of the fruit and improve the quality of the fruit. The improvement of soil environment is more favorable to the treatment of the ridge film and the rain-collecting technology JM (the release of the film by the end of June).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S662.1
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本文編號(hào)：2480676