【摘要】：針對黑龍港地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水資源短缺加劇,長期旋耕秸稈還田導(dǎo)致的土壤容重大和播種質(zhì)量差等問題,研究了冬小麥旋耕條播(RTS)、免耕條播(NTS)、深松條播(DTS)、機械撒播(BSS)等不同耕種方式下冬小麥群體質(zhì)量與水分利用特征。主要結(jié)論如下：(1)耕種方式影響冬小麥群體質(zhì)量與產(chǎn)量形成。與RTS相比,2011-2012、2012-2013兩個年度NTS出苗率分別增加4.03%、3.87%,但播種過深,抑制了分蘗的發(fā)生,最大群體莖蘗降低5.23%、14.24%,干物質(zhì)積累量降低2.31%、3.51%,產(chǎn)量降低3.32%、5.09%。DTS出苗率略高于RTS,最大群體莖蘗增加了2.30%、3.53%,干物質(zhì)積累量增加3.01%、0.96%,產(chǎn)量增加了4.14%、2.37%。BSS出苗率比RTS降低25.24%、18.23%,群體莖蘗優(yōu)勢明顯,最大群體莖蘗增加28.75%、38.19%,干物質(zhì)積累量增加13.51%、11.27%,產(chǎn)量增加了16.17%、15.68%。BSS利于優(yōu)化群體質(zhì)量,提高產(chǎn)量,是目前黑龍港地區(qū)較理想的冬小麥高產(chǎn)耕種方式。(2)耕種方式對冬小麥冠層結(jié)構(gòu)及冠層微環(huán)境具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。DTS、BSS能增加冬小麥中上部節(jié)間長度,降低下部節(jié)間長度,利于中上部葉片在莖稈垂直方向上均勻分布。NTS上三葉葉面積比RTS高34.95%,葉傾角較小,最大葉面積指數(shù)僅為5.51,葉片分布不均勻,光截獲較少,冠層內(nèi)溫度高、濕度低。BSS、DTS上三葉葉面積分別比RTS增加24.95%、13.82%,葉傾角較大,最大葉面積指數(shù)分別比RTS增加32.21%、3.39%,葉片分布均勻,光截獲較多,冠層內(nèi)溫度低、濕度高。BSS冠層結(jié)構(gòu)較優(yōu),葉片更趨均勻分布,具有較高的光截獲。(3)耕種方式影響冬小麥田間能量平衡和蒸散。冬小麥不同生育階段農(nóng)田能量平衡日變化均呈“白天為正、夜間為負(fù)”的拋物線的變化趨勢,RnLeGH,潛熱消耗是凈輻射的主要支出項。前期土壤一直處于“放熱”狀態(tài),2月下旬土壤開始“儲熱”,全生育期NTS、BSS土壤呈“儲熱”狀態(tài),NTS儲熱高于BSS、TS、DTS農(nóng)田呈“放熱”狀態(tài),RTS釋放熱能高于DTS。除越冬期最低外,冬小麥田問蒸散隨生育進程呈增加趨勢,返青前處理間蒸散差異較大,表現(xiàn)為RTSDTSBSSNTS,全生育期RTS蒸散量最高,達435.98mm,其次是DTS為433.94mm, NTS、BSS蒸散量僅為427.05mm、426.22mm。(4)耕種方式對冬小麥根系分布與水分利用具有顯著的調(diào)控效應(yīng)。DTS、BSS總根量顯著高于RTS,抽穗后NTS總根量也高于RTS、RTS、BSS冬小麥根系趨于表層分布,DTS、NTS中下層根系分布比例較高。RTS、BSS處理0-60cm土層耗水占0-160cm土層高達31.95%、27.65%,DTS、NTS處理60cm以下土層耗水較高,占0-160cm土層耗水總量的83.17%、83.47%。全生育期土壤水消耗RTSDTSBSSNTS,水分利用效率則表現(xiàn)為BSSDTSRTSNTS。DTS、BSS、NTS節(jié)水主要表現(xiàn)在60cmm以上土層,NTS每個生育階段耗水均最少,DTS、BSS節(jié)水效果主要表現(xiàn)在返青期以前。綜合分析,BSS是目前黑龍港地區(qū)較理想的冬小麥節(jié)水耕種方式。
[Abstract]:In view of the serious shortage of agricultural water resources in Heilongjiang Port area, the heavy soil capacity and poor sowing quality caused by long-term rotary ploughing straw returning to the field, this paper studied the deep loosening (DTS), of (RTS), no-tillage strip sowing in winter wheat rotary ploughing strip sowing. Population quality and water use characteristics of winter wheat under different cultivation methods, such as mechanical sowing (BSS). The main conclusions are as follows: (1) farming methods affect the population quality and yield formation of winter wheat. Compared with RTS, the emergence rate of NTS increased by 4.03% and 3.87%, respectively, but the occurrence of tiller was restrained by too deep sowing, and the tiller rate of the largest population decreased by 5.23% and 14.24%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation decreased by 2.31%, 3.51%, the yield decreased by 3.32%, and the emergence rate of DTS increased by 2.30%, 3.53% and 3.01%, respectively, which was slightly higher than that of the largest population of RTS, by 2.30%, 3.53% and 3.01%, respectively. The yield increased by 4.14% and 2.37%, respectively. The emergence rate of BSS decreased by 25.24% and 18.23% compared with RTS, the dominance of stem and tiller in population was obvious, and the tiller in the largest population increased by 28.75% and 38.19%, respectively. Dry matter accumulation increased by 13.51%, 11.27%, yield increased by 16.17% and 15.68%. BSS was beneficial to optimize population quality and increase yield. DTS and BSS can increase the middle and upper Internode length of winter wheat and reduce the lower Internode length of winter wheat. (2) the cultivation method can regulate the crown structure and canopy microenvironment of winter wheat. DTS and DTS can increase the middle and upper Internode length of winter wheat and reduce the lower Internode length of winter wheat. The area of trefoil on NTS is 34.95% higher than that of RTS, the inclination angle of leaves is smaller, the maximum leaf area index is only 5.51, the distribution of leaves is uneven, the light interception is less, and the temperature in crown is high. The leaf area of leaves on BSS and DTS increased by 24.95% and 13.82%, respectively, and the leaf inclination angle was larger than that of RTS. The maximum leaf area index was 32. 21% and 3. 39% higher than that of RTS, respectively. the distribution of leaves was uniform and the light interception was more. The temperature in the crown is low and the humidity is high. The crown structure of BSS is better, the leaves are more evenly distributed, and the light interception is higher. (3) the cultivation mode affects the energy balance and evaporation of winter wheat in the field. The diurnal variation of farmland energy balance in different growth stages of winter wheat showed a parabola trend of "positive during day and negative at night". The latent heat consumption of RnLeGH, was the main expenditure item of net radiation. In the early stage, the soil was always in the state of "exothermic". In late February, the soil began to "store heat". The NTS,BSS soil showed the state of "heat storage" during the whole growth period. The heat storage of NTS was higher than that of BSS,TS,DTS farmland, and the heat energy released by RTS was higher than that of DTS.. Except for the lowest overwintering stage, the transpiration of winter wheat field increased with the growth process, and there was a great difference among the treatments before turning green, which showed that the evaporation of RTS was the highest in the whole growth period of RTSDTSBSSNTS, up to 435.98mm, followed by DTS of 433.94mm and NTS,. The transpiration of BSS was only 427.05mm, 426.22mm. (4) the total root distribution and water use of winter wheat were significantly regulated by farming methods. The total root quantity of BSS was significantly higher than that of RTS, after heading, and the total root quantity of NTS was also higher than that of RTS,. The root distribution of BSS winter wheat tended to the surface layer, and the proportion of root distribution in the middle and lower layers of DTS,NTS was higher. The water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer accounted for 31.95% and 27.65% of 0-160cm soil layer, and the water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer below NTS treatment was higher than that of BSS treatment, and the water consumption of 0-60cm soil layer was 31.95% and 27.65% respectively. The total water consumption of 0-160cm soil layer was 83. 17% and 83. 47% respectively. The water use efficiency of RTSDTSBSSNTS, in soil water consumption during the whole growth period was that BSSDTSRTSNTS.DTS,BSS,NTS water saving was mainly in the soil layer above 60cmm, NTS had the least water consumption in each growth stage, and the water saving effect of DTS,BSS was mainly before the turning green stage. Comprehensive analysis shows that BSS is an ideal water-saving cultivation method for winter wheat in Heilongjiang Port.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S512.11
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本文編號：2478729