北京山區(qū)不同林分水文生態(tài)效應(yīng)特征
發(fā)布時間：2019-02-27 06:41
【摘要】：北京及周邊地區(qū)森林經(jīng)營的主要目標(biāo)是提高森林植被的生態(tài)效益,水文生態(tài)效應(yīng)是其重要組成部分。為探索不同森林植被的水文生態(tài)效應(yīng),本文以北京及周邊地區(qū)人工林主要建群樹種(樹種組成)和不同密度結(jié)構(gòu)的典型林分(油松林、元寶楓林、側(cè)柏林和側(cè)柏-黃櫨混交林)為研究對象,采用野外定位監(jiān)測、人工降雨模擬試驗、水文模型分析相結(jié)合的技術(shù)手段,在分析研究區(qū)主要氣象因子和不同林分的生物量特征的基礎(chǔ)上,研究了冠層截留、蒸發(fā)散、土壤入滲、地表徑流和水量平衡等水文過程及其動態(tài)特征。探討了林分組成、密度結(jié)構(gòu)與林分水文生態(tài)過程要素、林分水分利用(固碳)效率的關(guān)系,提出了以高效用水和固碳為目標(biāo)的林分管理技術(shù)模式。以期為該地區(qū)不同林分的科學(xué)管理與經(jīng)營工作提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究內(nèi)容與結(jié)論如下：(1)在林分的生長處在環(huán)境承載力的范圍內(nèi)時,林分喬木的生物量會隨著林分密度的增加而增加,當(dāng)林分的生長超過環(huán)境承載力的范圍時,林分喬木的生物量會隨著林分密度的增加而降低(特定林齡條件下)。分析結(jié)果表明：陰坡油松林、陽坡油松林、陽坡元寶楓林林分喬木生物量最大時所對應(yīng)的林分密度分別為3567株/hm2、1985株/hm2、1830株/hm2。(2)基于修正的Gash模型對研究區(qū)典型林分的林冠截留量進(jìn)行了模擬,模型驗證結(jié)果表明,改進(jìn)的Gash模型精度可以接受,但受模型結(jié)構(gòu)限制,模型無法及時反映林冠的濕潤程度,所以會在連續(xù)性降雨或陣性降雨發(fā)生時高估林冠截留量的現(xiàn)象。模擬結(jié)果表明,大部分林分的冠層截留能力和樹干持水能力均隨著林分密度的增加而增加,陽坡油松林的冠層截留能力則隨著林分密度的增加而降低。(3)人工模擬降雨條件下,枯落物截留量占最大持水能力的比例隨著降雨量的增加而增加,當(dāng)降雨量達(dá)到35mm～45mm時,枯落物截留量占最大持水能力的比例達(dá)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),即達(dá)到枯落物的有效持水量,該比例可以用于枯落物有效截留量的估算。(4)利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SCS-CN模型對研究區(qū)不同林分條件的坡面地表產(chǎn)流進(jìn)行模擬,通過耦合雨前0-20cm土壤的含水量、LAI、林分密度、下層植被蓋度、坡度等因子,構(gòu)建了不同林分結(jié)構(gòu)和立地條件下的CN值的統(tǒng)計模型,改進(jìn)后的SCS-CN模型的精度得到的顯著提高。(5)本研究采用Brook90生態(tài)水文模型模擬不同林分結(jié)構(gòu)條件下生態(tài)水文過程,模型的參數(shù)率定和檢驗結(jié)果可以接受。模擬結(jié)果顯示生長季的蒸發(fā)散是降雨分配主要的去向,其次為林冠截留和土壤水量變動,最小的水量分配形式為地表徑流；不同降雨年型條件下,整體上有冠層截留、地表徑流、蒸發(fā)散、土壤蓄水量變化等分量均隨著降雨的增加而增加,但蒸發(fā)散量和土壤層含水量變化量占生長季降雨量的比例變化不大。(6)在本研究涉及的不同坡向和樹種條件下,存在對應(yīng)的林分密度閾值,隨著林分密度的增加,在到達(dá)該林分密度閡值之前,林分水分生產(chǎn)效率與林分密度呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,當(dāng)林分密度大于該閾值之后,林分水分利用效率則與林分密度呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。不同林分(中齡林)的水分利用效率較高時所對應(yīng)的林分密度(或密度范圍)為：陰坡油松林為2100株/hm2,陽坡油松林適宜的林分密度不應(yīng)小于1746株/hm2；元寶楓林適宜的林分密度范圍為2700株/hm2～3000株/hm2。在相同林分密度條件下(1600株/hm2左右),元寶楓林的水分利用效率最大,油松林、側(cè)柏林依次次之。
[Abstract]:The main objective of forest management in Beijing and the surrounding area is to improve the ecological benefit of forest vegetation, and the hydrological and ecological effect is an important part of the forest. In order to explore the hydrological and ecological effects of different forest vegetation, this paper is the study object of the main species of tree species (tree species) and different density structures in Beijing and the surrounding area (Pinus tabulaeformis, Acer truncatum, side Berlin and Platycladus orientalis mixed forest). Based on the technical means of field location monitoring, artificial rainfall simulation test and hydrological model analysis, the canopy interception, evaporation and soil infiltration were studied on the basis of the analysis of the main meteorological factors and the biomass characteristics of different stands. The hydrological processes and their dynamic characteristics of surface runoff and water balance. The relationship between the stand composition, the density structure and the hydrological and ecological process factors of the stand and the efficiency of the water utilization (carbon fixation) of the stand is discussed, and the stand management technology model with high efficiency water and carbon fixation is put forward. So as to provide a theoretical basis for scientific management and operation of different stand in the region. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) when the growth of the stand is in the range of the environmental carrying capacity, the biomass of the stand tree increases with the increase of the stand density, and when the growth of the stand exceeds the environmental bearing capacity, The biomass of the stand trees decreased with the increase of the density of the stand (under the specific age of the forest). The results showed that the density of the stand was 3567/ hm ~ 2,1985/ hm ~ 2 and 1830/ hm ~ 2, respectively. (2) Based on the modified Gash model, the canopy interception of the typical stand in the study area is simulated, and the model verification results show that the improved Gash model accuracy is acceptable, but is limited by the model structure, and the model cannot reflect the wetting degree of the canopy in time. So that the interception amount of the canopy can be overestimated in the event of continuous rainfall or formation of rainfall. The simulation results show that the canopy interception capacity and the trunk water holding capacity of most stand are increased with the increase of the stand density, and the canopy interception capacity of the pines of the Yangpo pine forest is decreased with the increase of the stand density. (3) Under the condition of artificial simulated rainfall, the proportion of the interception of the litter to the maximum water-holding capacity is increased with the increase of the rainfall, and when the rainfall reaches 35-45 mm, the proportion of the dead-drop interception amount in the maximum water-holding capacity reaches a stable state, that is, the effective water-holding capacity of the dry-falling object is reached, This ratio can be used for the estimation of the effective retention of the litter. and (4) using a standard SCS-CN model to simulate the surface runoff of the slope surface of different stand conditions of the study area, and constructing a statistical model of the CN value under different stand structures and vertical conditions through the factors of water content, LAI, stand density, lower vegetation cover degree and slope of the soil before the coupling rain of 0-20 cm, And the improved SCS-CN model improves the accuracy of the improved SCS-CN model. (5) The study adopted the Brook90 eco-hydrological model to model the ecological hydrological process under different stand structure conditions, and the parameters of the model and the test result can be accepted. The simulation results show that the evaporation of the growth season is the main direction of the rainfall distribution, the second is the interception of the canopy and the variation of the soil water quantity, the minimum water distribution is the surface runoff, and under the condition of different rainfall, the canopy interception, the surface runoff and the evaporation are all over the whole. The changes of soil water storage volume and other components increase with the increase of rainfall, but the amount of evaporation and the change of water content in the soil layer account for the change of the rainfall in the growing season. (6) in the condition of different slope and tree species involved in the study, the corresponding stand density threshold exists, and as the stand density is increased, the water production efficiency of the stand is in a positive correlation with the stand density before reaching the density value of the stand, and when the density of the stand is greater than the threshold, The water use efficiency of stand was negatively correlated with the stand density. The stand density (or density range) corresponding to the high water use efficiency of the different stand (medium-aged forest) is:2100 plant/ hm2 in the cloudy slope, and the suitable stand density of the pines in the sunny slope should not be less than 1746 plants/ hm2; the suitable stand density of the Acer truncatum is 2700/ hm2 to 3000 plants/ hm2. Under the condition of the same stand density (about 1600 plants/ hm2), the water use efficiency of the Acer truncatum forest was the largest, the oil pine forest and the side Berlin were the second.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S715
本文編號：2431201
[Abstract]:The main objective of forest management in Beijing and the surrounding area is to improve the ecological benefit of forest vegetation, and the hydrological and ecological effect is an important part of the forest. In order to explore the hydrological and ecological effects of different forest vegetation, this paper is the study object of the main species of tree species (tree species) and different density structures in Beijing and the surrounding area (Pinus tabulaeformis, Acer truncatum, side Berlin and Platycladus orientalis mixed forest). Based on the technical means of field location monitoring, artificial rainfall simulation test and hydrological model analysis, the canopy interception, evaporation and soil infiltration were studied on the basis of the analysis of the main meteorological factors and the biomass characteristics of different stands. The hydrological processes and their dynamic characteristics of surface runoff and water balance. The relationship between the stand composition, the density structure and the hydrological and ecological process factors of the stand and the efficiency of the water utilization (carbon fixation) of the stand is discussed, and the stand management technology model with high efficiency water and carbon fixation is put forward. So as to provide a theoretical basis for scientific management and operation of different stand in the region. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) when the growth of the stand is in the range of the environmental carrying capacity, the biomass of the stand tree increases with the increase of the stand density, and when the growth of the stand exceeds the environmental bearing capacity, The biomass of the stand trees decreased with the increase of the density of the stand (under the specific age of the forest). The results showed that the density of the stand was 3567/ hm ~ 2,1985/ hm ~ 2 and 1830/ hm ~ 2, respectively. (2) Based on the modified Gash model, the canopy interception of the typical stand in the study area is simulated, and the model verification results show that the improved Gash model accuracy is acceptable, but is limited by the model structure, and the model cannot reflect the wetting degree of the canopy in time. So that the interception amount of the canopy can be overestimated in the event of continuous rainfall or formation of rainfall. The simulation results show that the canopy interception capacity and the trunk water holding capacity of most stand are increased with the increase of the stand density, and the canopy interception capacity of the pines of the Yangpo pine forest is decreased with the increase of the stand density. (3) Under the condition of artificial simulated rainfall, the proportion of the interception of the litter to the maximum water-holding capacity is increased with the increase of the rainfall, and when the rainfall reaches 35-45 mm, the proportion of the dead-drop interception amount in the maximum water-holding capacity reaches a stable state, that is, the effective water-holding capacity of the dry-falling object is reached, This ratio can be used for the estimation of the effective retention of the litter. and (4) using a standard SCS-CN model to simulate the surface runoff of the slope surface of different stand conditions of the study area, and constructing a statistical model of the CN value under different stand structures and vertical conditions through the factors of water content, LAI, stand density, lower vegetation cover degree and slope of the soil before the coupling rain of 0-20 cm, And the improved SCS-CN model improves the accuracy of the improved SCS-CN model. (5) The study adopted the Brook90 eco-hydrological model to model the ecological hydrological process under different stand structure conditions, and the parameters of the model and the test result can be accepted. The simulation results show that the evaporation of the growth season is the main direction of the rainfall distribution, the second is the interception of the canopy and the variation of the soil water quantity, the minimum water distribution is the surface runoff, and under the condition of different rainfall, the canopy interception, the surface runoff and the evaporation are all over the whole. The changes of soil water storage volume and other components increase with the increase of rainfall, but the amount of evaporation and the change of water content in the soil layer account for the change of the rainfall in the growing season. (6) in the condition of different slope and tree species involved in the study, the corresponding stand density threshold exists, and as the stand density is increased, the water production efficiency of the stand is in a positive correlation with the stand density before reaching the density value of the stand, and when the density of the stand is greater than the threshold, The water use efficiency of stand was negatively correlated with the stand density. The stand density (or density range) corresponding to the high water use efficiency of the different stand (medium-aged forest) is:2100 plant/ hm2 in the cloudy slope, and the suitable stand density of the pines in the sunny slope should not be less than 1746 plants/ hm2; the suitable stand density of the Acer truncatum is 2700/ hm2 to 3000 plants/ hm2. Under the condition of the same stand density (about 1600 plants/ hm2), the water use efficiency of the Acer truncatum forest was the largest, the oil pine forest and the side Berlin were the second.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S715
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