【摘要】：針對(duì)黃河流域棉田施氮量偏高、氮肥運(yùn)籌不合理等問(wèn)題,開(kāi)展了大田和盆栽試驗(yàn),旨在探討棉田經(jīng)濟(jì)施氮量、合理的氮肥運(yùn)籌,為氮肥管理提供理論依據(jù)。大田試驗(yàn)一以轉(zhuǎn)Bt品種“中棉所79”為材料,設(shè)置6個(gè)施氮處理(0,90,180,270,360,450 kg N/hm2),探討施氮量對(duì)籽棉產(chǎn)量、氮利用率及棉葉生理特性的影響;氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)土壤礦質(zhì)氮的影響;土壤氮利用相關(guān)酶活性對(duì)施氮量的響應(yīng)。大田試驗(yàn)二采用裂區(qū)試驗(yàn),主區(qū)設(shè)3個(gè)種植密度(30000、52500、75000株/hm2),裂區(qū)設(shè)4個(gè)氮水平(0、112.5、225、337.5 kg N/hm2),探討密度與氮水平對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量、氮肥利用率的互作效應(yīng)。盆栽試驗(yàn)采用15N示蹤技術(shù),在氮施用總量相同條件下(3.5g N/35kg土),設(shè)4個(gè)處理(氮肥基施與初花期追施比1:1和1:2、蕾期一次性施氮、初花期一次性施氮),探討氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)棉產(chǎn)量、15N回收率的影響。主要結(jié)果如下:1.360 kg N/hm2處理籽棉產(chǎn)量高于其他處理,根據(jù)氮肥產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)方程,經(jīng)濟(jì)最佳施氮量為299.7 kg/hm2,經(jīng)濟(jì)最佳產(chǎn)量3845.5 kg/hm2。不同生育期棉花LAI、功能葉葉綠素含量、GS、GOGAT活性、初花期棉葉凈光合速率隨施氮量的增加而增加;生育后期棉葉GDH活性、NR活性、MDA含量、SOD活性隨施氮量增加而下降。施氮270、360 kg/hm2處理盛鈴期LAI較適宜(3.47-3.73),吐絮期棉葉生理活性較高,可為高產(chǎn)提供物質(zhì)供應(yīng)。氮積累量、籽棉產(chǎn)量與施氮量間均呈二次曲線關(guān)系,氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率(a NUE)和氮內(nèi)在利用率(i NUE)隨施氮量增加顯著下降,施氮量180 kg/hm2時(shí)氮生理利用率(p NUE)高于其他處理,施氮量270 kg/hm2時(shí)氮肥回收率(NRE)高于其他處理。2.大田全生育期表觀氮盈余值隨施氮總量增加而增加。270 kg N/hm2基追比3:7處理產(chǎn)量?jī)?yōu)于基追比5:5、7:3處理,而且氮吸收量、a NUE、NRE顯著提高,而表觀氮盈余值顯著降低。3.大田土壤脲酶活性隨尿素施用量增加而增加,脫氫酶、蛋白酶活性隨尿素施用量(0-360 kg N/hm2)增加而增加,450 kg N/hm2處理土壤脫氫酶、蛋白酶活性下降。4.盆栽條件下,隨基肥氮施用量增加,初花期棉株氮吸收來(lái)自氮肥(Ndff)的比例顯著增大,變幅為25.9%-42.5%。隨氮肥追施量的增加,收獲期棉株Ndff%顯著增加,變幅為26.9%-54.1%。N(1/2)處理棉株籽棉產(chǎn)量最高,但與N(1/1)處理差異不顯著。N(1/1)處理和N(1/2)處理棉花收獲期單株15N積累量、15N回收率均顯著低于蕾期、初花期一次性施氮處理,N(1/1)處理棉花收獲期15N回收率低于N(1/2)處理,但無(wú)顯著差異。棉花收獲后N(1/2)處理土壤15N回收率低于N(1/1),但差異不顯著。5.密度與氮用量對(duì)籽棉產(chǎn)量、氮利用率存在互作效應(yīng),中密中氮、高密低氮處理籽棉產(chǎn)量、氮利用率較高。隨施氮量增加,a NUE、氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力(NPFP)、i NUE、NRE、p NUE均呈下降趨勢(shì)。
[Abstract]:Aiming at the problems of high nitrogen application rate and unreasonable nitrogen fertilizer management in cotton fields in the Yellow River Basin, field and pot experiments were carried out in order to explore the economic nitrogen application rate and reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application in cotton fields, and to provide theoretical basis for nitrogen management. In the field experiment 1, 6 treatments (0f90180270360450 kg N/hm2) were used to study the effects of nitrogen application rate on seed cotton yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and physiological characteristics of cotton leaves, and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on soil mineral nitrogen, using the transgenic Bt variety "Zhongmiansuo 79" as the material, and 6 treatments (0 / 90180270360450 kg N/hm2). Response of soil nitrogen utilization related enzyme activity to nitrogen application rate. In field experiment 2, there were three planting densities (30000,52500000 plants / hm2) and four nitrogen levels (0112.5225337.5 kg N/hm2) in the main area. The effects of density and nitrogen level on cotton yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency were studied. Pot experiment was conducted with 15N tracer technique under the condition of the same amount of nitrogen application (3.5g N/35kg soil). Four treatments were set up (the ratio of base application of nitrogen to topdressing at the beginning of flowering was 1:1 and 1: 2, one time application of nitrogen in bud stage, and one time application of nitrogen in early flowering stage). The effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on cotton yield and 15 N recovery were studied. The main results are as follows: the yield of seed cotton treated with 1.360 kg N/hm2 is higher than that of other treatments. According to the effect equation of nitrogen fertilizer yield, the economic optimum nitrogen application rate is 299.7 kg/hm2, and the best economic yield is 3845.5 kg/hm2.. The chlorophyll content, GS,GOGAT activity and net photosynthetic rate of cotton leaves increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate at different growth stages, and the activities of GDH, NR, MDA and SOD decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in cotton leaves at different growth stages. Nitrogen application of 270360 kg/hm2 was more suitable for LAI (3.47-3.73) and higher physiological activity of cotton leaves in spitting stage, which could provide material supply for high yield. There was a conic relationship among nitrogen accumulation, yield of seed cotton and nitrogen application rate. The agronomic utilization ratio (a NUE) and intrinsic nitrogen utilization ratio (i NUE) of nitrogen fertilizer decreased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The physiological utilization rate of (p NUE) was higher than that of other treatments at 180 kg/hm2 nitrogen application rate, and the (NRE) recovery rate of nitrogen fertilizer at 270 kg/hm2 nitrogen application rate was higher than that of other treatments. 2. The apparent nitrogen surplus value increased with the increase of total nitrogen application in the whole growth stage of the field. The yield of the treatment at 3:7 was better than that of the treatment of 5: 5: 7: 3, and the amount of nitrogen absorption, a NUE,NRE, was significantly higher than that of the treatment of 5: 5: 7: 3. However, the apparent nitrogen surplus value decreased significantly by 3. 3%. Soil urease activity increased with the increase of urea application rate, dehydrogenase and protease activity increased with urea application rate (0-360 kg N/hm2). Soil dehydrogenase activity decreased with 450 kg N/hm2 treatment. Under pot condition, the proportion of nitrogen absorbed from (Ndff) in cotton plants increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate at the beginning of flowering, with the range of 25.9- 42.5. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing amount, the Ndff% of cotton plant increased significantly at harvest period, the range of variation was 26.9kum and 54.1.N (1 / 2) treatment cotton seed cotton yield was the highest. However, there was no significant difference between N (1 / 1) treatment and N (1 / 1) treatment (. N (1 / 1) and N (1 / 2) treatment. The 15N accumulation and 15N recovery of cotton at harvest stage were significantly lower than those in bud stage. The yield of 15 N in N (1 / 1) treatment was lower than that in N (1 / 2) treatment, but there was no significant difference. The yield of 15N in cotton treated with N (1 / 2) was lower than that of N (1 / 1), but the difference was not significant. Density and nitrogen application rate had interaction effect on seed cotton yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency, medium density medium nitrogen, high density low nitrogen treatment seed cotton yield, nitrogen utilization ratio was higher. The partial productivity of, a NUE, nitrogen fertilizer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S562

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 劉潔;王省芬;張桂寅;吳立強(qiáng);李志坤;馬峙英;;棉花葉片硝酸還原酶活性的測(cè)定方法[J];河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2010年04期

2 王樹(shù)林;祁虹;林永增;王志忠;李智峰;;冀南地區(qū)棉田適宜氮肥用量研究[J];河北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2011年01期

3 王巧蘭;吳禮樹(shù);趙竹青;;~(15)N示蹤技術(shù)在植物N素營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究中的應(yīng)用及進(jìn)展[J];華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2007年01期

4 張美良;彭齊東;;不同肥料結(jié)構(gòu)氮在棉田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的吸收利用和去向研究[J];江西農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào);2009年01期

5 范君華;劉明;張建華;賀江舟;;南疆膜下滴灌棉田土壤酶活性與土壤養(yǎng)分的關(guān)系[J];棉花學(xué)報(bào);2010年04期

6 張祥;劉曉飛;王桂霞;呂春花;欒娜;陳源;陳德華;;長(zhǎng)江流域棉花主推品種氮素吸收與利用效率比較與分類(lèi)[J];棉花學(xué)報(bào);2012年03期

7 烏蘭圖雅;紅梅;趙建寧;李剛;楊殿林;;肥料配施方式對(duì)棉花根際土壤酶活性和養(yǎng)分含量的影響[J];棉花學(xué)報(bào);2012年03期

8 王曉英;賀明榮;;追氮時(shí)期和基追比例對(duì)強(qiáng)筋小麥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的調(diào)控效應(yīng)[J];麥類(lèi)作物學(xué)報(bào);2013年04期

9 姜偉麗;馬小艷;彭軍;馬亞杰;馬艷;;除草劑草甘膦對(duì)棉田土壤酶活性的影響[J];棉花學(xué)報(bào);2014年05期

10 高慧t，

本文編號(hào)：2367498