【摘要】：蘇打鹽堿地稻田氮素含量水平低、土壤保肥性能差,土壤鹽堿化程度和施氮水平對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量和氮素利用效率影響很大,氮素利用效率一直難以提高。本文利用穩(wěn)定性15N同位素標(biāo)記尿素研究了鹽堿地稻田氮素的吸收利用規(guī)律,研究了鹽堿地稻田氨揮發(fā)及其影響因素,不同施肥處理下的水稻根系活力、產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量性狀的變化,以及鹽堿地稻田的氮素利用效率。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.模擬試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在pH 8.55到pH 9.58之間,三種氮肥氨揮發(fā)的大小順序是:硫酸銨硝酸銨尿素,尿素氨揮發(fā)隨著EC的增加而增大。尿素在pH7.59-8.55之間,氨揮發(fā)量隨著pH的升高而增大,且pH 8.55時(shí)量達(dá)到最大值。2.盆栽試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中度鹽堿土上的氨揮發(fā)量顯著大于輕度鹽堿土上的氨揮發(fā)量;氨揮發(fā)量與施氮量呈顯著正相關(guān)�；陂L(zhǎng)期定位施肥試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),NPK肥配施有機(jī)肥以及NPK肥配施秸稈可減少氨揮發(fā)損失。3.基于田間試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤鹽堿化顯著抑制了水稻的營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)和生殖生長(zhǎng)。隨著土壤pH的升高,水稻結(jié)實(shí)率降低。當(dāng)土壤pH達(dá)到9.0以上,水稻結(jié)實(shí)率降到40%左右。土壤鹽堿脅迫對(duì)水稻地上部的生長(zhǎng)影響顯著。在相同鹽堿程度下,合理施用氮肥可顯著促進(jìn)水稻生長(zhǎng),增加稻谷產(chǎn)量,減緩鹽堿化對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)的抑制作用。4.水稻根系傷流液的出液速率隨著施氮水平的提高顯著提高,表明提高施氮水平有利于增強(qiáng)水稻根系活力。且抽穗期傷流液出液量越大,稻谷產(chǎn)量越高。5.在相同的鹽堿程度下,不同耐鹽堿品種水稻對(duì)氮肥的需求存在差異。東稻4號(hào)、東稻2號(hào)和白粳1號(hào)在低氮(150 kg·N/hm2)處理下產(chǎn)量最高;長(zhǎng)白9號(hào)在高氮(300 kg·N/hm2)處理下稻谷產(chǎn)量最高。因此,在生產(chǎn)上應(yīng)根據(jù)土壤鹽堿程度和水稻品種特性合理確定最佳施氮量。6.土壤鹽堿化程度顯著影響氮素利用效率。施氮量從75 kg·N/hm2增加到300 kg·N/hm2,輕度鹽堿土水稻氮素恢復(fù)利用效率為46.75%-62.95%;中度鹽堿土水稻氮素恢復(fù)利用效率為39.84%-48.21%;在上述2種土壤上,土壤15N殘留率在4.1%-10.0%之間。7.以土壤氮素平衡作為施用氮肥的依據(jù),通過(guò)氮素歸還指數(shù)法計(jì)算鹽堿地田塊尺度的最佳施氮量,得出鹽堿地稻田秸稈還田情況下的氮素歸還施氮量計(jì)算公式為:RNR=1.267×10~(-6)Y_產(chǎn)~2+1.24×10~(-2)Y_產(chǎn)-41.4;若稻田沒(méi)有秸稈還田,計(jì)算公式為:RNR=1.267×10~(-6)Y_產(chǎn)~2+1.24×10~(-2)Y_產(chǎn)-22.7。
[Abstract]:The level of nitrogen content in paddy field is low, the soil fertility is poor, the soil salinization degree and nitrogen application level have great influence on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency, but it is difficult to improve the nitrogen use efficiency. In this paper, the absorption and utilization of nitrogen in saline-alkali paddy fields were studied by using stable 15N isotope labeled urea. The ammonia volatilization and its influencing factors in saline-alkali paddy fields were studied, and the changes of root vigor, yield and yield characters of rice under different fertilization treatments were studied. And the nitrogen utilization efficiency of paddy field in saline-alkali soil. The main results are as follows: 1. The simulation results show that between pH 8.55 and pH 9.58, the order of ammonia volatilization of three nitrogen fertilizers is ammonium sulfate urea, and the ammonia volatilization of urea increases with the increase of EC. Between pH7.59-8.55 and urea, ammonia volatilization increased with the increase of pH, and reached the maximum value at pH 8.55. Pot experiment showed that the amount of ammonia volatilization in moderate saline-alkali soil was significantly higher than that in light saline-alkali soil, and there was a significant positive correlation between ammonia volatilization and nitrogen application. Based on the long-term fertilization experiment, it was found that NPK fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer and NPK fertilizer combined with straw fertilizer could reduce ammonia volatilization loss. Based on field experiments, soil salinization significantly inhibited the vegetative and reproductive growth of rice. With the increase of soil pH, the seed setting rate of rice decreased. When soil pH reached above 9.0, the seed setting rate of rice decreased to about 40%. Soil saline-alkali stress had a significant effect on the growth of rice shoot. Under the same salinity, rational application of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly promote rice growth, increase rice yield and slow down the inhibition of salinization on rice growth. 4. The effluents rate of rice root drainage fluid increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application level, which indicated that the increase of nitrogen application level was beneficial to enhance the root activity of rice. Moreover, the higher the amount of drainage at heading stage, the higher the yield of rice. Under the same saline-alkali degree, the requirement of nitrogen fertilizer in different saline-tolerant rice varieties was different. The yield of Dongdao 4, Dongdao 2 and Baijing 1 was the highest under low nitrogen (150 kg N/hm2) treatment, and Changbai 9 was the highest under high nitrogen (300 kg N/hm2) treatment. Therefore, the optimum nitrogen application rate should be reasonably determined according to the salinization degree of soil and the characteristics of rice varieties in production. 6. 6. Soil salinization significantly affected nitrogen use efficiency. The nitrogen application rate increased from 75 kg N/hm2 to 300 kg N / hm ~ (2), the nitrogen recovery and utilization efficiency of rice in mild saline-alkali soil was 46.75-62.95, that of rice in moderate saline-alkali soil was 39.84 -48.21, and that of rice in moderate saline-alkali soil was 39.84 -48.21. In the above two soils, the residual rate of 15N in soil ranged from 4.1% to 10.0%. The soil nitrogen balance was used as the basis for applying nitrogen fertilizer, and the optimum nitrogen application rate on the scale of saline-alkali land was calculated by the method of nitrogen return index. The formula of nitrogen return amount under the condition of returning rice straw in saline-alkali soil was obtained as follows: RNR=1.267 脳 10 ~ (-6) Y _ yield ~ 21.24 脳 10 ~ (-2) Y _ (-2) Y _ (-41.4); If there is no straw in paddy field, the formula is: RNR=1.267 脳 10 ~ (-6) Y _ yield ~ 21.24 脳 10 ~ (-2) Y _ yield -22.7.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S511

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