發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-23 20:35

【摘要】：土壤深松的目的是為了打破硬且厚的犁底層結(jié)構(gòu),在機(jī)器深松過程中,耕作阻力大消耗大量的能源,深松費(fèi)用高。在滿足農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對(duì)土壤加工要求的前提下,減少土壤耕作阻力、降低能源消耗,是國內(nèi)外農(nóng)機(jī)研究工作者十分關(guān)注的問題。本論文結(jié)合國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“自激振動(dòng)深松部件碎土機(jī)理與減阻優(yōu)化”(項(xiàng)目編號(hào)：51175354)開展研究。為了尋求土壤深松機(jī)具設(shè)計(jì)理論依據(jù),探討了深松機(jī)具結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)和工作參數(shù)對(duì)工作阻力的影響。本研究采用理論分析與試驗(yàn)研究相結(jié)合的方法,通過深松鏟土槽試驗(yàn),研究振動(dòng)深松部件對(duì)牽引阻力的影響；通過對(duì)深松機(jī)具深松過程的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性研究,分析振動(dòng)耕作部件與土壤相互作用規(guī)律、土壤破碎機(jī)理、振動(dòng)部件振動(dòng)機(jī)理,揭示振動(dòng)深松部件的振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生原因及振動(dòng)規(guī)律。通過和深松部件切削土壤過程的模擬仿真,分析以牽引阻力為目標(biāo)的深松機(jī)具的最佳結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),為自激式振動(dòng)深松機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)提供理論依據(jù),進(jìn)而研制自激式振動(dòng)深松機(jī)。通過樣機(jī)田間試驗(yàn),檢測所設(shè)計(jì)深松機(jī)的深松性能及工業(yè)要求是否滿足需要。通過對(duì)田間試驗(yàn)得到的加速度和牽引阻力數(shù)據(jù)處理,研究深松機(jī)系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)特性,以及振動(dòng)部件的振動(dòng)特性。本研究以自激式振動(dòng)深松機(jī)為研究對(duì)象,以牽引阻力最低為目標(biāo),借助動(dòng)力學(xué)分析、試驗(yàn)研究、數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)相結(jié)合的方法開展研究。主要研究成果如下：(1)分析土壤的動(dòng)力性質(zhì),通過三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)及其數(shù)值模擬,研究土壤的剪切性質(zhì)。研究表明,土壤間相對(duì)移動(dòng)產(chǎn)生摩擦力,使土壤間產(chǎn)生剪切力,當(dāng)土壤的剪切力達(dá)到土壤的失效應(yīng)力時(shí),土壤發(fā)生破碎。對(duì)振動(dòng)耕作部件的減阻過程分析可知,振動(dòng)部件牽引力小,碎土效果好。(2)對(duì)彈齒式深松鏟和剛性深松鏟進(jìn)行土槽試驗(yàn)研究。作業(yè)工程相同時(shí),與剛性深松鏟相比,彈齒式深松鏟牽引阻力減小9.95%,深松比阻減小了14.52%,有較好的深松減阻效果。進(jìn)行正交試驗(yàn)的極差分析和方差分析綜合分析,討論鏟柄類型、前進(jìn)速度、耕深對(duì)牽引阻力、功耗、比阻的影響。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：當(dāng)選用彈齒式深松鏟、前進(jìn)速度為1m/s、耕深為20cm時(shí),牽引阻力、功耗、深松比阻均出現(xiàn)最小值,表明彈齒式深松鏟更適用的耕深為20cm。由深松鏟的振動(dòng)分析可知,彈齒式深松鏟的振動(dòng)主頻率為5.86Hz,剛性深松鏟的振動(dòng)主頻率為4.39Hz。地表不平和土質(zhì)不均勻等低頻成分導(dǎo)致土壤阻力不斷變化,進(jìn)而引起彈齒式深松鏟的振動(dòng)。(3)應(yīng)用LS-DYNA顯示動(dòng)力學(xué)分析程序,進(jìn)行深松部件與土壤相互作用的有限元分析分析深松鏟對(duì)土壤的作用過程,以及土壤的破碎過程,比較兩種深松鏟土壤的拋土軌跡。結(jié)果表明,彈齒式的最大應(yīng)力發(fā)生在S型鏟柄的第一個(gè)彎曲處,土壤擾動(dòng)范圍大。(4)自激式振動(dòng)深松機(jī)的研制。通過對(duì)分層深松機(jī)工作過程的數(shù)值模擬,以牽引阻力最小為試驗(yàn)指標(biāo),前進(jìn)速度V,前后鏟耕深差H,前后鏟間距L,進(jìn)行正交旋轉(zhuǎn)組合試驗(yàn),建立回歸方程,應(yīng)用MATLAB求出最優(yōu)解。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：當(dāng)前進(jìn)速度V=1.06m/s,前后鏟耕深差H=95mm,前后鏟間距L=402mm,牽引阻力達(dá)到最小值F=4.2kN。根據(jù)最優(yōu)的工作參數(shù),對(duì)分層深松機(jī)構(gòu)的工作過程進(jìn)行仿真,研究分層深松機(jī)構(gòu)深松減阻機(jī)理。(5)對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)樣機(jī)進(jìn)行田間試驗(yàn)。對(duì)土壤的物理參數(shù)進(jìn)行測量,結(jié)果表明在地表下30cm處土壤堅(jiān)實(shí)度達(dá)到最大值。深松機(jī)性能試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析表明：深松機(jī)工作穩(wěn)定,入土行程較短,為2.2m。平均松土深度為30.2cm,松土深度穩(wěn)定性系數(shù)為97.9%。(6)自激式振動(dòng)深松機(jī)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性分析。對(duì)田間試驗(yàn)得到的振動(dòng)加速度和牽引阻力數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,通過預(yù)處理得到振動(dòng)加速度與牽引阻力時(shí)域曲線,彈齒式深松鏟的振動(dòng)屬于復(fù)雜的周期振動(dòng)。在前進(jìn)速度1m/s、耕深為0.3m時(shí),與非振動(dòng)下的牽引阻力相比,振動(dòng)下的牽引阻力牽引阻力均值平均減少11.31%,具有明顯的減阻效果。對(duì)振動(dòng)加速度和牽引阻力信號(hào)進(jìn)行頻域分析。深松機(jī)振動(dòng)的主頻率為6.84Hz,振動(dòng)周期為0.15s。彈齒式深松鏟和彈簧的振動(dòng)是引起整機(jī)振動(dòng)的兩個(gè)主要原因。對(duì)深松機(jī)振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)求取傳遞函數(shù),應(yīng)用Routh(勞斯)穩(wěn)定判據(jù)和Bode穩(wěn)定判據(jù),可知深松機(jī)振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:The purpose of the soil deep loosening is to break the hard and thick plough bottom structure. In the process of deep loosening of the machine, large amount of energy is consumed during the deep loosening of the machine, and the deep loosening cost is high. Under the premise of meeting the requirements of agricultural production on soil processing, reducing soil tillage resistance and reducing energy consumption is a matter of great concern to agricultural machinery research workers at home and abroad. This thesis is combined with the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Mechanism and Drag Reduction Optimization of "Self-excited Vibration Deep Loose Parts" (Item number: 51175354). In order to find the theoretical basis of soil deep loosening tool design, the influence of structure parameters and working parameters on working resistance is discussed. According to the method of theoretical analysis and experimental research, the influence of vibration deep loose parts on traction resistance is studied by soil-soil groove test of deep soil, and the interaction law of vibrating farming parts and soil is analyzed by dynamic response characteristic of deep loosening process of deep loosening tool. The mechanism of soil crushing and the mechanism of vibration component vibration are used to reveal the reason and vibration rule of vibration of vibration-deep loose parts. Through the simulation of the process of cutting the soil through the deep loosening part, the optimum structural parameters of the deep loosening tool with the traction resistance as the target are analyzed, and the theoretical basis is provided for the design of the self-excited vibration deep loosening machine, and the self-excited vibration deep loosening machine is further developed. Through the field experiment of the prototype, it is tested whether the deep loosening performance and the industrial requirements of the designed deep loosening machine meet the needs. The dynamic characteristics and vibration characteristics of the vibration component were studied by data processing of acceleration and traction resistance obtained from field experiments. In this study, the self-excited vibration deep loosening machine was used as the research object, with the lowest traction resistance as the target, and the research was carried out by means of dynamic analysis, experimental research and numerical simulation technology. The main research results are as follows: (1) The dynamic properties of soil are analyzed, and the shear properties of soil are studied by triaxial compression test and numerical simulation. The results show that the relative movement of soil generates friction force, which causes shear force among the soil, and when the shear force of soil reaches the soil's failure stress, the soil is broken. It can be seen from the analysis of drag reduction process of vibrating tillage parts, that the traction of the vibrating part is small and the soil breaking effect is good. (2) To study the soil groove test of the elastic tooth type deep loosening shovel and the rigid deep loosening shovel. Compared with the rigid deep loosening shovel, the drag resistance of the elastic tooth type deep loosening shovel is reduced by 9.95% compared with the rigid deep loosening shovel, and the deep loosening ratio resistance is reduced by 14.52% compared with the rigid deep loosening shovel, and the deep loosening drag reducing effect is good. The difference analysis of orthogonal test and analysis of variance analysis were carried out to discuss the effect of shovel handle type, advancing speed, ploughing depth on traction resistance, power consumption and specific resistance. The experimental results show that the minimum value of drag resistance, power consumption and deep loosening ratio of the spring tooth type deep loose shovel is 1m/ s and 20cm depth, which indicates that the depth of ploughing is 20cm more suitable for the elastic tooth type deep loosening shovel. According to the vibration analysis of the deep loosening shovel, the vibration main frequency of the elastic tooth type deep loosening shovel is 5.86Hz, and the vibration main frequency of the rigid deep loosening shovel is 4.39Hz. Low frequency components, such as uneven surface roughness and uneven soil texture, have caused the soil resistance to change continuously, and then the vibration of the elastic tooth type deep loosening shovel is caused. (3) Using LS-DYNA display dynamics analysis program, finite element analysis of soil interaction between deep soil and soil was carried out. The results show that the maximum stress of the elastic tooth type occurs at the first bend of the S-shaped shovel, and the soil disturbance range is large. (4) Development of self-excited vibration deep loosening machine. Through the numerical simulation of the working process of the layered deep loosening machine, the optimal solution is obtained by using MATLAB to establish the regression equation with the minimum drag resistance as the test index, the forward speed V, the front and rear shoveling depth difference H, the front and rear shovel distance L, and the orthogonal rotation combination test. The results show that when the forward speed V = 1. 06m/ s, the depth difference of the front and rear shovels is H = 95mm, the distance L of the front and back shovel is L = 402mm, and the traction resistance reaches the minimum value F = 4.2kN. According to the optimum operating parameters, the working process of the layered deep loosening mechanism is simulated, and the mechanism of deep loosening and drag reduction of the layered deep loosening mechanism is studied. (5) performing field test on the design prototype. The physical parameters of the soil were measured, and the results showed that the soil firmness reached the maximum at 30cm below the surface. The results show that the operation of the deep loosening machine is stable, the stroke is short, and it is 2.2m. The average depth was 30. 2cm and the depth stability coefficient was 97. 9%. (6) Dynamic response characteristic analysis of self-excited vibration deep loosening system. The vibration acceleration and traction resistance data obtained in the field experiment are analyzed, and the vibration acceleration and drag resistance time domain curve are obtained by pre-processing, and the vibration of the elastic tooth type deep loosening shovel belongs to complex periodic vibration. When the advancing speed is 1m/ s and the ploughing depth is 0. 3m, the average reduction of traction resistance traction resistance under vibration is 11.31% compared with the traction resistance under non-vibration, and has obvious drag reduction effect. Frequency domain analysis of vibration acceleration and traction resistance signal is carried out. The main frequency of the vibration of the deep loosening machine is 6.84Hz and the vibration period is 0. 15s. The vibration of the elastic tooth type deep loosening shovel and spring is the main cause of the vibration of the whole machine. In order to obtain the transfer function for the vibration system of the deep loosening machine, the Routh stability criterion and the Bode stability criterion are applied to know the stability of the vibration system of the deep loosening machine.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S222

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