長白山不同海拔森林優(yōu)勢樹種樹輪生態(tài)學研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-15 19:16
【摘要】：以溫度急劇升高為主要特點的全球氣候變化因其對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人類社會的重要意義而引起了廣泛關注,其中森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對氣候變化的響應已經(jīng)成為研究熱點之一,包括對樹木生物量累積、森林生產(chǎn)力、碳封存和碳循環(huán)、林分組成和分布動態(tài)等方面的研究。樹木年輪資料忠實的記錄了樹木生長過程中的氣候狀況,因而對于在廣闊的時間和空間尺度上研究氣候變化及其生態(tài)效應具有重要意義。本文利用對中國東北長白山的樹木年輪資料,研究了沿長白山北坡海拔780-2000m的梯度上森林優(yōu)勢樹種的生長、種群分布和動態(tài),并討論了林分年齡和立地條件兩個因素對生長與氣候關系的影響,旨在理解未來氣候變化在整個森林群落水平上可能帶來的對樹木生長、林分組成和種群動態(tài)的影響。本文以臭松(Abies nephrolepis)、魚鱗云杉(Picea jezoensis)、紅松(Pinus koraiensis)、岳樺(Betula ermanii)為研究對象,在10個海拔梯度上分別布設樣點,采集年輪資料并建立年表,利用相關分析、響應分析、主成分分析、冗余分析等在內(nèi)的多種方法,研究了生長與氣候因子(溫度和降水量)之間的關系,同時結合對更新密度、年齡結構、生長量等方面的分析,力圖尋找空間(如海拔與立地)和時間(如年齡)尺度上樹木生長和分布對氣候響應的異同,本研究填補了長白山地區(qū)樹木生長與氣候關系區(qū)域性研究的空白,得出的主要結果包括：(1)臭松、魚鱗云杉和紅松在沿海拔梯度的交錯區(qū)中生長量和更新密度具有不同的特點。臭松和魚鱗云杉的斷面積生長量(BAD在其各自分布區(qū)邊界處較低,而在分布區(qū)中部較高；紅松BAI在其分布區(qū)中部和上限處無明顯差異,下限處顯著偏低(p0.05)。臭松和紅松各自的更新密度在不同海拔梯度上無顯著差異(p0.05),而魚鱗云杉在其分布下限處更新密度顯著低于中部及上限處(p0.05)。臭松、魚鱗云杉和紅松在沿海拔梯度的交錯區(qū)中生長與氣候關系呈現(xiàn)樹種特異性和以海拔梯度為區(qū)分的空間特異性。隨海拔梯度升高,紅松生長與溫度的相關性減弱,而與降水的相關性增強；臭松和魚鱗云杉在其各自分布區(qū)內(nèi)各海拔處徑向生長均與溫度的相關性較強,而與降水的相關性較弱,且與低海拔處相比,中高海拔處與溫度的關系更加密切,表現(xiàn)為與上年或當年生長季內(nèi)溫度負相關。各樹種在其分布上下限處生長并不較分布區(qū)中部更多的體現(xiàn)氣候因素的影響；不同樹種在同一海拔處年輪生長與氣候的關系不同。鑒于各樹種生長與氣候關系在不同空間位置上的復雜變化,未來氣候變化對這三個針葉樹種群的生長和分布可能產(chǎn)生復雜影響,初步推斷臭松具有沿海拔梯度向下擴散的潛力,魚鱗云杉的分布及數(shù)量縮減,紅松林分布區(qū)則可能變窄。(2)不同年齡紅松年表的統(tǒng)計特征及其對氣候因子的響應不同�？傮w看來,與平均年齡為63a的低齡紅松相比,平均年齡為184a的高齡紅松徑向生長與氣候因子的關系更加緊密,其年表的氣候敏感性更高。響應分析表明,低齡年表分別與當年1月、5月的月平均溫度負相關(p0.05)及正相關,高齡年表與當年1月月平均最高溫度正相關。相關分析表明,低齡紅松徑向生長與上年10月、當年1月的月平均溫度負相關、與當年5月的月平均溫度正相關,與降水無顯著相關性；高齡紅松徑向生長則與當年5月總降水量顯著相關,同時與當年1、2、4月和9月的月平均最高溫度和4月平均最低溫度顯著相關。與樹齡相關的生理過程和樹體水分壓力,以及不同年齡樹木個體面臨的環(huán)境壓力差異,可能是導致年齡效應的原因。通過建立輪寬指數(shù)與氣候因子的回歸關系顯示了在我國東北地區(qū)溫度年均增加4℃,降水增加20%的假設下,低齡紅松生長量可能增加35.6%,而高齡紅松生長量可能降低25.2%。(3)岳樺生長與氣候的響應關系在各個海拔梯度上具有較高的一致性。主成分分析和冗余分析也證實岳樺生長波動在很大程度上受到區(qū)域性氣候的調(diào)控。相關分析顯示年表間的海拔差異并未對岳樺生長響應于氣候的強度和方式產(chǎn)生明顯影響,主要表現(xiàn)為與上年6、7、12月及當年5月溫度負相關,與當年生長季(6-8月)溫度正相關,同時對生長季(上年6、7、9月和當年8月)降水主要表現(xiàn)出正相關。目前,對沿海拔梯度生長與氣候關系的一致性尚缺乏有力解釋。在長白山,岳樺林分組成相對單一、林冠層開闊,競爭強度較小,可能使岳樺沿海拔梯度呈現(xiàn)出的相似的生長特點,但仍需要進一步的研究驗證。岳樺生長與氣候的復雜關系可能意味著岳樺種群對未來氣候變化具有一定抗性,對各海拔處年齡結構和更新密度的研究暗示了在岳樺分布下限處豐富的更新使該種群具有沿海拔梯度向下發(fā)展的可能性。(4)在同一海拔梯度上,盡管不同樣點的岳樺年表具有較高的相關性(相關系數(shù)0.5),但對氣候的響應存在一定差異�？傮w來看,同一海拔處不同樣點年表對于溫度的響應較為一致,主要體現(xiàn)出與上年生長季(6-8月)溫度負相關,與上年9月溫度正相關,與上年12月溫度負相關,與當年6、7月溫度正相關(p0.05)。同個海拔不同樣點年表對降水的響應差異較大。在海拔1750m處,新、舊樣點生長分別與上年11月和9月降水正相關；在海拔1950m處,兩樣點處生長均與上年6月、當年5、8月降水正相關,但舊樣點生長還與上年7月和11月正相關；在海拔1800m,新樣點處生長與降水無明顯相關關系,而舊樣點處生長與降水關系密切；相反,在海拔1900m,新樣點處生長與多個月份降水相關,而舊樣點處對降水無明顯相關關系。本研究中生長與氣候,特別是降水的關系在不同樣點上的差異可能并不是由于樣地自身土壤特性和坡向差異而導致的。
[Abstract]:Global climate change, characterized by rapid temperature rise, has attracted wide attention due to its importance to ecosystems and human society. The response of forest ecosystems to climate change has become one of the research hotspots, including tree biomass accumulation, forest productivity, carbon sequestration and carbon cycle, forest composition and composition. Tree ring data faithfully record the climatic conditions in the process of tree growth, so it is of great significance to study climate change and its ecological effects on a wide space and time scale. In this paper, tree ring data along the northern slope of Changbai Mountains in northeastern China are used to study the altitude of 780-780. The growth, population distribution and dynamics of dominant forest species on a 2 000 m gradient were discussed. The effects of stand age and site conditions on growth and climate were discussed. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of future climate change on tree growth, forest composition and population dynamics at the whole forest community level. Es nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis and Betula ermanii were selected as the research objects. The growth and climatic factors were studied by means of correlation analysis, response analysis, principal component analysis and redundancy analysis. Based on the analysis of regeneration density, age structure and growth, this study seeks to find the similarities and differences in the responses of tree growth and distribution to climate at spatial (e.g. altitude and site) and temporal (e.g. age) scales. The main results are as follows: (1) The growth and regeneration density of Pinus tabulaeformis, Picea koraiensis and Picea koraiensis in the interlaced zone of coastal elevation gradient have different characteristics. There was no significant difference at the lower limit (p0.05). There was no significant difference in the regeneration densities of Pinus elliottii and Pinus koraiensis at different altitudes (p0.05). The regeneration densities of Picea yunnanensis at the lower limit of their distribution were significantly lower than those in the middle and upper limit (p0.05). The growth of Pinus elliottii, Picea yunnanensis and Pinus koraiensis in the interlaced zone of the coastal altitudinal gradient With the elevation gradient increasing, the correlation between the growth of Pinus koraiensis and temperature was weakened, but the correlation with precipitation was strengthened. The radial growth of Pinus tabulaeformis and Picea yunnanensis at different elevations in their respective distribution areas was strongly correlated with temperature, but weakly correlated with precipitation. The growth of tree species at the upper and lower limits of their distribution does not reflect more climatic factors than that in the middle of the distribution area; the relationship between ring growth and climate is different for different tree species at the same altitude. The relationship between tree species growth and climate varies in different spatial positions. The future climate change may have a complex impact on the growth and distribution of the three coniferous tree populations. It is preliminarily concluded that Pinus sylvestris has the potential to spread downward along the coastal elevation gradient, the distribution and quantity of Picea ichthyosa decrease, and the distribution area of Pinus koraiensis forest may narrow in different years. Generally speaking, the relationship between the radial growth and climatic factors is closer and the climatic sensitivity of the chronology is higher than that of the low-age Korean pine with an average age of 63 years. The response analysis shows that the low-age Korean pine chronology is more sensitive to climatic factors than that of the low-age Korean pine with an average age of 184 years. Monthly mean temperature was negatively correlated (p0.05) and positively correlated with the highest monthly mean temperature in January of the same year. There was a significant correlation between the total precipitation in May and the monthly mean maximum temperature and the average minimum temperature in April, February, April and September. The physiological processes related to tree age and the water pressure of trees, as well as the differences of environmental pressures faced by individuals of different ages, may be responsible for the age effect. The regression relationship with climatic factors showed that under the assumption that temperature increased by 4 C annually and precipitation increased by 20%, the growth of young Pinus koraiensis might increase by 35.6%, while that of old Pinus koraiensis might decrease by 25.2%. (3) The response relationship between growth of Betula yuehuensis and climate had a high consistency in all elevation gradients. Redundancy analysis also confirmed that the growth fluctuation of Betula yuehuensis was largely regulated by regional climate. Correlation analysis showed that the altitude difference between chronologies had no significant effect on the intensity and mode of growth response to climate. It was negatively correlated with the temperature in June, July, December and May of the previous year and with the temperature in the growing season (June-August). At present, there is no strong explanation for the consistency between coastal elevation gradient growth and climate. In Changbai Mountain, the composition of Betula yueliensis forest is relatively single, the canopy is open, and the competition intensity is small, which may make the coastal elevation gradient of Betula yueliensis appear similar. The complex relationship between growth and climate of Betula platyphylla may mean that the population is resistant to future climate change. Studies on age structure and regeneration density at various altitudes suggest that abundant regeneration at the lower limit of distribution of Betula platyphylla makes the population develop downward along the coastal elevation gradient. Possibility. (4) On the same altitude gradient, although there is a high correlation (correlation coefficient 0.5), there is a certain difference in the response to climate. Generally speaking, the response of different sample chronologies at the same altitude to temperature is more consistent, which mainly reflects the negative correlation with the temperature in the growing season of the previous year (June-August), and the above. The temperature in September was positively correlated with the temperature in December, and positively correlated with the temperature in June and July of last year (p0.05). Precipitation is positively correlated, but the growth of old sample point is also positively correlated with July and November of last year; there is no significant correlation between the growth of new sample point and precipitation at 1800m altitude, while the growth of old sample point is closely related to precipitation; on the contrary, at 1900m altitude, the growth of new sample point is correlated with precipitation in many months, but there is no significant correlation between the growth of old sample point and precipitation. The difference of the relationship between growth and climate, especially precipitation, in different plots may not be due to the difference of soil characteristics and slope orientation.
【學位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S718.45
本文編號：2244230
[Abstract]:Global climate change, characterized by rapid temperature rise, has attracted wide attention due to its importance to ecosystems and human society. The response of forest ecosystems to climate change has become one of the research hotspots, including tree biomass accumulation, forest productivity, carbon sequestration and carbon cycle, forest composition and composition. Tree ring data faithfully record the climatic conditions in the process of tree growth, so it is of great significance to study climate change and its ecological effects on a wide space and time scale. In this paper, tree ring data along the northern slope of Changbai Mountains in northeastern China are used to study the altitude of 780-780. The growth, population distribution and dynamics of dominant forest species on a 2 000 m gradient were discussed. The effects of stand age and site conditions on growth and climate were discussed. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of future climate change on tree growth, forest composition and population dynamics at the whole forest community level. Es nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis and Betula ermanii were selected as the research objects. The growth and climatic factors were studied by means of correlation analysis, response analysis, principal component analysis and redundancy analysis. Based on the analysis of regeneration density, age structure and growth, this study seeks to find the similarities and differences in the responses of tree growth and distribution to climate at spatial (e.g. altitude and site) and temporal (e.g. age) scales. The main results are as follows: (1) The growth and regeneration density of Pinus tabulaeformis, Picea koraiensis and Picea koraiensis in the interlaced zone of coastal elevation gradient have different characteristics. There was no significant difference at the lower limit (p0.05). There was no significant difference in the regeneration densities of Pinus elliottii and Pinus koraiensis at different altitudes (p0.05). The regeneration densities of Picea yunnanensis at the lower limit of their distribution were significantly lower than those in the middle and upper limit (p0.05). The growth of Pinus elliottii, Picea yunnanensis and Pinus koraiensis in the interlaced zone of the coastal altitudinal gradient With the elevation gradient increasing, the correlation between the growth of Pinus koraiensis and temperature was weakened, but the correlation with precipitation was strengthened. The radial growth of Pinus tabulaeformis and Picea yunnanensis at different elevations in their respective distribution areas was strongly correlated with temperature, but weakly correlated with precipitation. The growth of tree species at the upper and lower limits of their distribution does not reflect more climatic factors than that in the middle of the distribution area; the relationship between ring growth and climate is different for different tree species at the same altitude. The relationship between tree species growth and climate varies in different spatial positions. The future climate change may have a complex impact on the growth and distribution of the three coniferous tree populations. It is preliminarily concluded that Pinus sylvestris has the potential to spread downward along the coastal elevation gradient, the distribution and quantity of Picea ichthyosa decrease, and the distribution area of Pinus koraiensis forest may narrow in different years. Generally speaking, the relationship between the radial growth and climatic factors is closer and the climatic sensitivity of the chronology is higher than that of the low-age Korean pine with an average age of 63 years. The response analysis shows that the low-age Korean pine chronology is more sensitive to climatic factors than that of the low-age Korean pine with an average age of 184 years. Monthly mean temperature was negatively correlated (p0.05) and positively correlated with the highest monthly mean temperature in January of the same year. There was a significant correlation between the total precipitation in May and the monthly mean maximum temperature and the average minimum temperature in April, February, April and September. The physiological processes related to tree age and the water pressure of trees, as well as the differences of environmental pressures faced by individuals of different ages, may be responsible for the age effect. The regression relationship with climatic factors showed that under the assumption that temperature increased by 4 C annually and precipitation increased by 20%, the growth of young Pinus koraiensis might increase by 35.6%, while that of old Pinus koraiensis might decrease by 25.2%. (3) The response relationship between growth of Betula yuehuensis and climate had a high consistency in all elevation gradients. Redundancy analysis also confirmed that the growth fluctuation of Betula yuehuensis was largely regulated by regional climate. Correlation analysis showed that the altitude difference between chronologies had no significant effect on the intensity and mode of growth response to climate. It was negatively correlated with the temperature in June, July, December and May of the previous year and with the temperature in the growing season (June-August). At present, there is no strong explanation for the consistency between coastal elevation gradient growth and climate. In Changbai Mountain, the composition of Betula yueliensis forest is relatively single, the canopy is open, and the competition intensity is small, which may make the coastal elevation gradient of Betula yueliensis appear similar. The complex relationship between growth and climate of Betula platyphylla may mean that the population is resistant to future climate change. Studies on age structure and regeneration density at various altitudes suggest that abundant regeneration at the lower limit of distribution of Betula platyphylla makes the population develop downward along the coastal elevation gradient. Possibility. (4) On the same altitude gradient, although there is a high correlation (correlation coefficient 0.5), there is a certain difference in the response to climate. Generally speaking, the response of different sample chronologies at the same altitude to temperature is more consistent, which mainly reflects the negative correlation with the temperature in the growing season of the previous year (June-August), and the above. The temperature in September was positively correlated with the temperature in December, and positively correlated with the temperature in June and July of last year (p0.05). Precipitation is positively correlated, but the growth of old sample point is also positively correlated with July and November of last year; there is no significant correlation between the growth of new sample point and precipitation at 1800m altitude, while the growth of old sample point is closely related to precipitation; on the contrary, at 1900m altitude, the growth of new sample point is correlated with precipitation in many months, but there is no significant correlation between the growth of old sample point and precipitation. The difference of the relationship between growth and climate, especially precipitation, in different plots may not be due to the difference of soil characteristics and slope orientation.
【學位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S718.45
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本文編號：2244230
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