【摘要】：國(guó)有林區(qū)是我國(guó)木材生產(chǎn)儲(chǔ)備和生態(tài)建設(shè)重要戰(zhàn)略基地。在上世紀(jì)七八十年代,出現(xiàn)了森林資源危機(jī)、企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)危困的“兩危”困境,國(guó)有林區(qū)建設(shè)停滯不前,職工生活困難。針對(duì)這一狀況,國(guó)家和國(guó)有林區(qū)自身進(jìn)行了一系列的探索,但由于歷史積弊已久,貧窮落后的面貌并未從根本上改變。目前對(duì)于貧困問(wèn)題的研究多側(cè)重于農(nóng)村地區(qū),國(guó)家扶貧政策在也主要在農(nóng)村地區(qū)實(shí)施,尚未完全覆蓋至國(guó)有林區(qū)這一“不城不鄉(xiāng),非工非農(nóng)”的特殊區(qū)域�；谏鲜霰尘�,以內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)其貧困問(wèn)題進(jìn)行理論分析和實(shí)證研究,試圖回答兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：一是,內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)的貧困是怎么發(fā)生的?在哪個(gè)階段出現(xiàn)?具有的特點(diǎn)是什么?形成的機(jī)制是什么?二是,內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)的貧困發(fā)生的范圍和程度如何?貧困的主要影響因素是什么?如何有效地解決這一特殊區(qū)域的貧困問(wèn)題?根據(jù)福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論,貧困會(huì)影響整體社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)福利水平的提高,以此為主線,研究?jī)?nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)貧困問(wèn)題。從森林資源利用和變化的角度,梳理內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)發(fā)展歷程,探究貧困發(fā)生的階段及特點(diǎn)。內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)的貧困是隨著可采森林資源的減少出現(xiàn)的,貧困狀況表現(xiàn)在林業(yè)產(chǎn)值水平及增長(zhǎng)速度較低、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、在崗職工工資水平較低、下崗職工生活困難、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)落后等方面,貧困具有對(duì)森林資源依賴程度大、個(gè)人生產(chǎn)資料稀缺、企業(yè)肩負(fù)的社會(huì)責(zé)任更多、人力資本水平低等特點(diǎn)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,利用發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等理論從宏觀和微觀兩個(gè)方面分析貧困發(fā)生機(jī)制。宏觀方面,可采森林資源量減少引起產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變化、企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),產(chǎn)權(quán)制度安排造成國(guó)有林區(qū)企業(yè)社會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)沉重、企業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率較低、個(gè)人生產(chǎn)資料稀缺,自然區(qū)位劣勢(shì)導(dǎo)致的接續(xù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展不足、林地生產(chǎn)力低,國(guó)家投入和支持不足等是貧困產(chǎn)生的重要原因；微觀方面,個(gè)人受教育程度、健康狀況、社會(huì)資本等方面的弱勢(shì)是貧困產(chǎn)生的主要原因,這兩方面共同作用導(dǎo)致了內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)貧困的發(fā)生。內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)的貧困表現(xiàn)在區(qū)域整體貧困落后和微觀個(gè)體貧困兩個(gè)方面,利用貧困測(cè)度理論和方法從區(qū)域貧困和人口貧困兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究：內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)的貧困是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,建立了包含經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、生態(tài)三個(gè)方面共22個(gè)指標(biāo)的綜合貧困指標(biāo)體系,選取27個(gè)林業(yè)局2004年—2014年數(shù)據(jù),采用面板數(shù)據(jù)因子分析方法進(jìn)行貧困綜合評(píng)價(jià),提取出產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與資源量、森林資源潛力、就業(yè)與發(fā)展等8個(gè)公因子。結(jié)果表明：(1)從整體來(lái)看,產(chǎn)業(yè)和資源量因子、森林資源生態(tài)潛力因子是綜合貧困的兩個(gè)最重要公因子,貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到40%。(2)各區(qū)域發(fā)展水平差異較大,五岔溝貧困度最高,為0.784,紅花爾基貧困度最低,為-0.527。對(duì)各地區(qū)綜合貧困度進(jìn)行聚類分析,五岔溝、白狼、免渡河為重度貧困地區(qū),南木、烏奴耳為中度貧困地區(qū),甘河、巴林等5個(gè)地區(qū)為輕度貧困地區(qū),畢拉河、滿歸等15個(gè)地區(qū)為脫貧地區(qū),紅花爾基、莫爾道嘎為較富裕地區(qū)。(3)各區(qū)域每個(gè)公因子的得分不同。在2004—2009年、2010年—2014年兩個(gè)階段內(nèi),貧困度及相對(duì)排名位置也有所變化。微觀個(gè)體的貧困不僅表現(xiàn)在收入方面,在我國(guó)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)的目標(biāo)下,貧困更表現(xiàn)在教育、健康、生活等多個(gè)方面。利用內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)607戶有效家庭調(diào)研樣本數(shù)據(jù),從收入貧困和多維貧困兩個(gè)角度對(duì)人口貧困進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析。(1)國(guó)有林區(qū)人口屬于城鎮(zhèn)人口,以年人均收入7644元為相對(duì)貧困線,利用FGT指數(shù)測(cè)算貧困發(fā)生的廣度和程度。結(jié)果表明,內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)收入貧困發(fā)生率為8.07%,貧困缺口率為19.63%,平方貧困距指數(shù)為0.64%,綜合貧困指數(shù)為0.79%。(2)建立包含教育、健康、生活水平三個(gè)維度共8指標(biāo)的多維貧困測(cè)度指標(biāo)體系,有3個(gè)及3個(gè)以上指標(biāo)貧困的家庭為多維貧困戶。從單維貧困來(lái)看,衛(wèi)生貧困發(fā)生率最高,為50.9%,其次為飲用水46.13%、燃料43.49%、住房33.11%。多維貧困發(fā)生率為43.16%,平均被剝奪指數(shù)為30.17%。(3)以是否貧困為因變量,選取家庭中在崗職工人數(shù)、戶主年齡、受教育程度、所在社區(qū)等家庭特征作為自變量,建立logistic計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)模型,對(duì)貧困影響因素實(shí)證分析。結(jié)果表明,家庭中在崗職工人數(shù)、是否有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部、是否兼業(yè)、戶主年齡都對(duì)家庭收入有顯著影響,但僅在崗職工人數(shù)一項(xiàng)對(duì)收入貧困有顯著影響,家庭中每增加1名在崗職工,陷入收入貧困的概率降低1.8989。家庭中是否有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部對(duì)多維貧困的影響最大,若有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部,則家庭陷入多維貧困的概率降低1.4160,其次所在社區(qū)、在崗職工人數(shù)、戶主年齡也對(duì)家庭多維貧困有顯著影響。政府、國(guó)有林區(qū)、個(gè)人三方面采取的一系列政策措施通過(guò)保護(hù)與培育森林資源、提高基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)水平、完善社會(huì)保障體系、促進(jìn)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,對(duì)反貧困起到了促進(jìn)作用,取得了一定成效,但仍存在覆蓋范圍較窄,各層級(jí)目標(biāo)不同,側(cè)重于“輸血”、而非“造血”等問(wèn)題。在氣候變化、經(jīng)濟(jì)新常態(tài)等背景下,內(nèi)蒙古國(guó)有林區(qū)反貧困還面臨著資金困難和就業(yè)壓力的挑戰(zhàn),應(yīng)將國(guó)有林區(qū)反貧困放在生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的重要位置,從以救濟(jì)性政策為主向以救濟(jì)政策為基礎(chǔ)、開(kāi)發(fā)政策為主轉(zhuǎn)變,從收入貧困救助轉(zhuǎn)向多方位救助。因反貧困具有的巨大外部性、市場(chǎng)的逐利性和國(guó)有林區(qū)自身發(fā)展的弱質(zhì)性,單獨(dú)依靠某一方都不能實(shí)現(xiàn)全面反貧困和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。在繼續(xù)以森林資源保護(hù)和培育為主要任務(wù)的前提下,根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)相關(guān)理論建立政府—市場(chǎng)雙導(dǎo)向、國(guó)有林區(qū)參與的反貧困機(jī)制。政府主要在公共服務(wù)產(chǎn)品提供機(jī)制的完善與改革,反貧困制度與政策法規(guī)的制定,貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的認(rèn)定、測(cè)度與反貧困效果評(píng)估等方面發(fā)揮職能。市場(chǎng)在政府職能充分發(fā)揮的基礎(chǔ)上,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)多元化發(fā)展,培育增長(zhǎng)極、調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)布局,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)成分和主體多元化。國(guó)有林區(qū)通過(guò)為反貧困提供具體信息,提高勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì),為產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供勞動(dòng)力,借助產(chǎn)業(yè)的布局調(diào)整促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移等,提高自主脫貧的能力,積極參與反貧困。并提出健全社會(huì)保障體系,建立國(guó)有林區(qū)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,加快國(guó)有林區(qū)改革步伐,建立國(guó)家公園體制等政策建議。
[Abstract]:The state-owned forest area is an important strategic base for China's timber production and reserve and ecological construction. In the 70s and 80s of last century, the crisis of forest resources, the "two danger" predicament of the enterprise economy, the construction of the state-owned forest areas were stagnant and the workers' life was difficult. For a long time, the face of poverty and backwardness has not been fundamentally changed. At present, the research on poverty is mainly focused on rural areas, and the national poverty alleviation policy is also mainly implemented in rural areas, and has not yet fully covered the special area of "non townships, non workers and non agriculture" in the state-owned forest areas. Based on the above background, the state of Inner Mongolia is in the state of China. The forest area is the research object, to carry on the theoretical analysis and the empirical study to its poverty problem, and try to answer two questions: first, how does the poverty in Inner Mongolia state forest area happen? In which stage? What are the characteristics and the mechanism of formation? Two, how is the scope and degree of poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest areas What is the main influence factor of poverty? How to effectively solve the problem of poverty in this particular area? According to the theory of welfare economics, poverty will affect the improvement of the overall social and economic welfare level, and take this as the main line to study the problem of poverty in the state owned forest area of Inner Mongolia. From the perspective of the utilization and change of forest resources, the state forest area of Inner Mongolia is combed. The development process and the characteristics of poverty occur. The poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is accompanied by the decrease of the recoverable forest resources. The poverty situation is manifested in the low level of forestry output value and the low growth rate, the unreasonable industrial structure, the low wage level of the workers at the post, the difficult living of the laid-off workers and the backward infrastructure construction, etc. On the basis of the theory of development economics, new institutional economics, and regional economics, the poverty occurrence mechanism is analyzed from two aspects of macro and micro aspects. On the basis of this, the forest resources can be collected on macro and macro aspects. The decrease of source quantity causes industrial structure change, enterprise economic crisis, property right system arrangement cause heavy social burden of enterprises in state-owned forest area, low efficiency of enterprise production, scarce personal production data, inadequate development of continuous industry, low productivity of woodland, insufficient investment and support of country, etc. On the microcosmic aspect, the weakness of individual education, health and social capital is the main cause of poverty. These two aspects have resulted in the occurrence of poverty in the state-owned forest areas of Inner Mongolia. The poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest areas is manifested in two aspects of regional poverty and micro individual poverty, and the use of poverty measure. The theory and method is an empirical study on two aspects of regional poverty and population poverty: poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is a complex social and economic problem, and a comprehensive poverty index system is set up in three aspects, including economic, social and ecological aspects, and the data of the 27 forestry bureaus from 2004 to 2014 are selected and the panel data are adopted. The sub analysis method is used for comprehensive evaluation of poverty, and 8 public factors, such as industrial structure and resources, forest resources potential, employment and development, are extracted. The results show that (1) from the overall point of view, industrial and resource factors, forest resources ecological potential factor is the two most important public factors of comprehensive poverty, and the contribution rate reaches 40%. (2) regions to develop water. The difference is great, the poverty degree of five fork gully is the highest, it is 0.784, and the poverty degree of Honghua base is the lowest. It is -0.527. to cluster analysis of the comprehensive poverty in various regions, five bifurcated gully, white wolf, free crossing river as severe poverty area, nanmu, Wu slave ear as medium poverty area, Gant River, Bahrain and so on 5 areas, 15 areas such as mildly poor area, Biala River, full return and so on For the poor areas, Honghua Erji and Moerda GA are more affluent areas. (3) the scores of every public factor in each region are different. In the two stages from 2004 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, the poverty and relative ranking position also changed. The poverty of microindividuals is not only reflected in income, but also in the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China. There are many aspects of poverty in education, health, life and so on. Using the sample data of 607 households in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the population poverty from two angles of income poverty and multidimensional poverty. (1) the population of the state-owned forest area belongs to the urban population, and the annual per capita income is 7644 yuan as the relative poverty line, and the FGT index is used to measure the poor. The result shows that the incidence of poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is 8.07%, the poverty gap rate is 19.63%, the square poverty distance index is 0.64%, the comprehensive poverty index is 0.79%. (2), and there are 3 and more than 3 indicators, including education, health and living standard of 8 indicators, with 3 and more than 3 indicators. Poor families are multidimensional poor households. From single dimensional poverty, the incidence of health poverty is the highest, 50.9%, followed by 46.13% of drinking water, 43.49% of fuel, 43.16% of the 33.11%. Multidimensional Poverty in housing, and the average deprivation index of 30.17%. (3) as the dependent variable, the number of workers in the family, the age of the household, the age of the household, and the education level. The logistic econometric model and the empirical analysis of the influencing factors of poverty are established. The results show that the number of working workers in the family, whether there are leading cadres, or not, and the age of the head of household have significant influence on the family income, but only the number of workers at the job has a significant influence on the income poverty. The probability of getting into income poverty per 1 workers in the court, the probability of falling into income poverty reduces the impact of the leading cadres on Multidimensional Poverty in 1.8989. families. If there are leading cadres, the probability of families falling into multidimensional poverty is reduced by 1.4160. The next community, the number of workers in the post, and the age of the household are also significantly affected by the Multidimensional Poverty of the family. The government, In the state-owned forest area, a series of policies and measures adopted by individuals in three aspects, through the protection and cultivation of forest resources, the improvement of the infrastructure construction level, the improvement of social security system and the promotion of social and economic development, have played a promoting role in promoting anti poverty, and achieved certain results. However, there are still narrow coverage and different levels of goals, focusing on "losing". In the background of the climate change and the new normal economy, the anti poverty in Inner Mongolia's state-owned forest area is facing the challenge of financial difficulties and employment pressure. It is necessary to put the anti poverty in the state-owned forest areas in the important position of the ecological civilization construction, from the relief policy to the relief policy and the development policy. Change, from income poverty relief to multi-directional assistance. Because of the huge externality of anti poverty, the profit of the market and the weak nature of the development of the state-owned forest areas, a single party alone can not achieve the overall anti poverty and sustainable development. Under the premise of continuing the protection and cultivation of forest resources as the main task, the economy is based on economics. The relevant theories establish the government market dual orientation and the anti poverty mechanism participating in the state-owned forest areas. The government plays the role in the improvement and reform of the mechanism of providing public service products, the formulation of anti poverty system and policies and regulations, the identification of poverty standards, the measurement of the measures and the evaluation of anti poverty effect. The market is the basis for the full play of the government functions. On the basis of this, we should promote the development of the industrial diversification, cultivate the growth pole, adjust the industrial layout, and promote the diversification of the economic components and main bodies. The state-owned forest areas provide specific information for anti poverty, improve the quality of the labor force, provide labor for the development of the industry, promote the transfer of the labor force by the adjustment of the layout of the industry, and improve the ability of independent poverty reduction. And anti poverty, and put forward to improve the social security system, establish the ecological compensation mechanism of the state-owned forest areas, speed up the pace of the reform of the state-owned forest areas, and establish the national park system and other policy proposals.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：F326.2

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